Abstract
Objective
This study sets out to explore if the relationship between the driving pressure and hospital mortality in ARDS patients is influenced by body mass index (BMI) level or the presence of abdominal obesity.
Methods
Data were extracted from an online database named “Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care III.” A total of 1556 patients were included and divided into four subgroups based on both BMI level (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or BMI ＜30 kg/m2) and abdominal assessment. Driving pressure [i.e., the difference between plateau pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)] within 24 h of invasive mechanical ventilation was compared between survivors and nonsurvivors during hospitalization in each group. A logistic regression model was used for hospital mortality.
Results
There were 1556 patients with mild-to-severe ARDS, 666 (42.80%) nonobese patients with nonabdominal obesity, 259 (16.65%) nonobese patients with abdominal obesity, 97 (6.23%) obese patients with nonabdominal obesity, and 534 (34.32%) obese patients with abdominal obesity. Driving pressure in nonobese patients with nonabdominal obesity was significantly lower in survivors (12.77 ± 4.53 cm H2O) than in nonsurvivors (14.26 ± 5.52 cm H2O, p < 0.01). On the contrary, in the other three groups, driving pressure was not significantly different between survivors and nonsurvivors. After a logistic multivariable regression analysis, in nonobese (BMI<30 kg/m2) patients with nonabdominal obesity, the driving pressure was independently associated with increased hospital mortality (OR: 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.09, p < 0.05) but not in the other three subgroups.
Conclusion
Driving pressure is associated with increase in hospital mortality only in nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m2) patients with nonabdominal obesity.
1. Introduction
Obesity, a chronic disease that is increasing in prevalence globally, is a major contributor to poor health in most countries [1]. The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute and diffuse inflammatory condition of the lungs, characterized by hypoxaemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Different from nonobese patients, obese patients have a higher incidence of ARDS but may have a lower mortality risk [2, 3].
Mechanical ventilation is the main support for most of ARDS patients, which can also worsen lung injury [4–6]. Thus, the goal of ARDS therapy today is to improve oxygenation and prevent the occurrence of ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). The driving pressure [i.e., the difference between plateau pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)] determined by the quotient of the tidal volume and the respiratory system compliance was associated with higher mortality in ARDS [7], even in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [8]. However, conclusions from these studies cannot be extrapolated to all subgroups of patients with ARDS, especially those with elevated chest wall elastance, such as obese patients, and the obesity status could be a confounding factor in the relationship between driving pressure and mortality in overall ARDS patients. To our knowledge, there are very few clinical research works in regard to driving pressure in obese ARDS patients. Only Jong et al. reported the relationship between driving pressure during the first day of ventilation and 90-day mortality in obese patients with ARDS in 2018 [9]; however, their work did not take abdominal obesity into account.
Compliance of the chest wall in obesity is likely to be influenced by fat distribution. A larger change in chest wall compliance is observed when mass loading the upper abdomen and thorax than when mass loading the upper thorax [10]. Thus, it is of vital importance to reevaluate the association between mortality and obesity status considering the presence of abdominal fat in the invasive mechanical ventilation of ARDS patients. Our hypotheses were that mortality was correlated with driving pressure only in nonobese ARDS patients classified by BMI without abdominal obesity characterized by relatively high abdominal fat distribution, independent of BMI.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Source
We conducted a retrospective cohort study, based on a freely available clinical database called the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III). It comprised deidentified health-related data associated with over 40,000 patients who stayed in critical care units of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center between 2001 and 2012 [11]. The database is accessible to researchers who have completed a “protecting human subjects” training. The institutional review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA) approved the establishment of the database. Thus, the consent was obtained for the original data collection but not specifically for this study. Data presented in this study were extracted by the author Li, who completed the online training course of the National Institutes of Health (certification number: 43513082). Data extraction was performed using PostgreSQL tools.
2.2. Study Population and Grouping Method
All the ARDS patients who were 18 years old or older without pregnancy and receiving invasive ventilation for at least 24 consecutive hours were included in the present investigation. Patients receiving ventilation through a tracheostomy cannula at any time during the first 24 h of ventilation and patients who were extubated or died during the first 24 h were excluded. For patients with multiple ICU and hospital admissions, we only included data from the first ICU admission and first hospital stay.
ARDS was identified based on the Berlin criteria [4]: (1) timing: onset within 1 week of a known clinical insult or new or worsening respiratory symptoms; (2) chest imaging: bilateral opacities, not fully explained by effusions, lobar/lung collapse, or nodules; (3) origin of edema: respiratory failure not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload; and (4) oxygenation: oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) ≤300 mmHg with PEEP or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ≥5 cmH2O.
Patients were assigned to one of the four subgroups. Grouping criteria were based on both body mass index (BMI) level, that is, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 for obese and BMI<30 kg/m2 for nonobese patients, in accordance with international standards [12], and abdominal assessment, that is, nonabdominal obesity and abdominal obesity, considering there were no data about waist circumference in MIMIC-III database.
2.3. Outcome Variables
The following information was extracted: (1) basic information: age, gender, BMI, race, comorbidity, type of admission, hospital or ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital mortality, sequential organ failure assessment score, simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score, vasopressor use (including adenosine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, and vasopressin), neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA), and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT); (2) mechanical ventilation information: tidal volume, tidal volume/PBW (predicted body weight), peak pressure, plateau pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), driving pressure, and biologic parameters on day 1 [arterial PH, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2 ratio), and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2)].
The primary endpoint was hospital mortality, defined as death during hospitalization. Secondary endpoints included ICU mortality, 28 d mortality, ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables are presented as the mean with SD or medians with their interquartile ranges and categorical variables as total number and percentage. Continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test or Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, and categorical variables were compared using χ2 or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. A logistic multivariable regression, selected as the analysis technique for all outcomes to account for factors that may influence outcomes, was conducted in different patient group, respectively. A stepwise backward elimination method with a significance level of 0.05 was used to build the final models. Potential multicollinearity was tested using a variance inflation factor, with a value ≥10 indicating multicollinearity. Goodness of fit was assessed for all logistic regression models. All analyses were performed using STATA MP 14.0 (USA). All tests were two sided, and a significance level of 0.05 was used.
2.5. Patient and Public Involvement
Patients were not involved in conduction of this research or its conception and design. We plan to disseminate the findings to the public and patients through the popular media and through the participating general practices.
3. Results
3.1. Population and Baseline Characteristics
The MIMIC-III database contained 58,976 ICU admissions of 46,520 unique patients. We excluded 34820 because the patients did not use invasive mechanical ventilation more than 24 h, 1222 for age below than 18 years (1222) or pregnancy (0), and 9462 because of insufficient data or having outliers. Only 1556 patients were included in this analysis, 384 nonsurvivors and 1172 survivors, establishing an initial mortality rate of 24.68%. The mean age was 63.28 ± 16.05 years, and 914 patients were male (58.74%).
Demographic characteristics of the survivors and nonsurvivors in overall patients or in each of four different subgroups determined by the BMI and abdominal assessment are presented in Table 1. Age, BMI, ARDS severity, SAPS II, SOFA, SIRS, vasopressor, NMBA, and CRRT showed significant differences among the survivors and nonsurvivors in overall patients (one-way ANOVA, all p < 0.01), while no significant differences in comorbidities were noted.
Table 1.
Demographics of nonobese and obese patients with or without abdominal obesity.
| Variable | Overall (n = 1556) | p | Nonobese patients without abdominal obesity (n = 666) | p | Nonobese patients with abdominal obesity (n = 259) | p | Obese patients without abdominal obesity (n = 97) | p | Obese patients with abdominal obesity (n = 534) | p value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survivors (n = 1172) | Nonsurvivors (n = 384) | Survivors (n = 482) | Nonsurvivors (n = 184) | Survivors (n = 198) | Nonsurvivors (n = 61) | Survivors (n = 78) | Nonsurvivors (n = 19) | Survivors (n = 414) | Nonsurvivors (n = 120) | ||||||
| Age (years) | 62.03 ± 15.98 | 67.09 ± 15.68 | <0.0001 | 61.96 ± 17.12 | 67.48 ± 16.22 | 0.0002 | 66.62 ± 14.67 | 69.40 ± 16.41 | 0.2098 | 59.54 ± 18.40 | 67.89 ± 12.38 | 0.0641 | 60.38 ± 14.23 | 65.21 ± 14.88 | 0.0013 |
| Male (n (%)) | 689 (58.79%) | 225 (58.59) | 0.946 | 297 (61.62%) | 121 (65.76%) | 0.323 | 110 (55.56%) | 33 (54.10%) | 0.841 | 49 (62.82%) | 13 (68.42%) | 0.2078 | 233 (56.28%) | 58 (48.33%) | 0.124 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.93 ± 8.40 | 28.72 ± 7.46 | 0.0076 | 23.74 ± 3.41 | 23.62 ± 3.65 | 0.7086 | 26.51 ± 2.60 | 26.63 ± 2.54 | 0.7421 | 32.61 ± 2.51 | 33.90 ± 3.53 | 0.0676 | 38.27 ± 7.80 | 36.77 ± 6.43 | 0.033 |
| Type of admission | |||||||||||||||
| Elective (n (%)) | 103 (8.79%) | 15 (3.91%) | 0.003 | 41 (8.51%) | 10 (5.43%) | 0.149 | 15 (7.58%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.044 | 2 (2.56%) | 2 (10.53%) | 0.203 | 45 (10.87%) | 3 (2.50%) | 0.005 |
| Emergency (n (%)) | 1054 (89.93%) | 366 (95.31%) | 435 (90.25%) | 174 (94.57%) | 179 (90.40%) | 60 (98.36%) | 74 (94.87%) | 17 (89.47%) | 366 (88.41%) | 115 (95.83%) | |||||
| Urgent (n (%)) | 15 (1.28%) | 3 (0.78%) | 6 (1.24%) | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (2.02%) | 1 (1.64%) | 2 (2.56%) | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (0.72%) | 2 (1.67%) | |||||
| ARDS severity | |||||||||||||||
| Mild | 505 (43.09%) | 130 (33.85%) | <0.001 | 214 (44.40%) | 55 (22.89%) | 0.001 | 81 (40.91%) | 22 (36.07%) | 0.492 | 38 (48.72%) | 4 (21.05%) | 0.072 | 172 (41.55%) | 49 (40.83%) | 0.339 |
| Moderate | 540 (46.08%) | 186 (48.44%) | 212 (43.98%) | 92 (50.00%) | 90 (45.45%) | 27 (44.26%) | 30 (38.46%) | 11 (57.89%) | 208 (50.24%) | 56 (46.67%) | |||||
| Severe | 127 (10.84%) | 68 (17.71%) | 56 (11.62%) | 37 (20.11%) | 27 (13.64%) | 12 (19.67%) | 10 (12.82%) | 4 (21.05%) | 34 (8.21%) | 4 (12.50%) | |||||
| Other comorbidities | |||||||||||||||
| HTN (n (%)) | 454 (38.74%) | 145 (37.76%) | 0.733 | 169 (35.06%) | 66 (35.87%) | 0.845 | 76 (38.38%) | 22 (36.07%) | 0.744 | 28 (35.90%) | 8 (42.11%) | 0.615 | 181 (43.72%) | 49 (40.83%) | 0.574 |
| COPD (n (%)) | 130 (11.09%) | 32 (8.33%) | 0.124 | 50 (10.37%) | 17 (9.24%) | 0.663 | 24 (12.12%) | 5 (8.20%) | 0.395 | 7 (8.97%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.339 | 49 (11.84%) | 10 (8.33%) | 0.281 |
| CAD (n (%)) | 214 (18.26%) | 69 (17.97%) | 0.898 | 77 (15.98%) | 30 (16.30%) | 0.918 | 41 (20.71%) | 20 (32.79%) | 0.052 | 10 (12.82%) | 2 (10.53%) | 1.000 | 86 (20.77%) | 17 (14.71%) | 0.106 |
| DM (n (%)) | 240 (20.65%) | 83 (21.61%) | 0.686 | 56 (11.62%) | 27 (14.67%) | 0.286 | 40 (20.20%) | 9 (14.75%) | 0.342 | 14 (17.95%) | 7 (36.84%) | 0.073 | 132 (31.88%) | 40 (33.33%) | 0.765 |
| CKD (n (%)) | 152 (12.97%) | 65 (16.93%) | 0.052 | 52 (10.79%) | 28 (15.22%) | 0.116 | 31 (15.66%) | 11 (18.03%) | 0.052 | 6 (7.69%) | 5 (26.32%) | 0.022 | 63 (15.22%) | 21 (17.50%) | 0.545 |
| Admission SAPS II | 40.05 ± 14.00 | 50.44 ± 15.28 | <0.0001 | 39.80 ± 13.46 | 50.47 ± 15.18 | <0.0001 | 43.05 ± 14.13 | 52.02 ± 13.63 | <0.0001 | 38.73 ± 12.42 | 57.95 ± 17.79 | 0.0002 | 39.54 ± 13.70 | 47.89 ± 15.08 | <0.0001 |
| Admission SOFA | 5.88 ± 3.52 | 7.91 ± 4.25 | <0.0001 | 5.61 ± 3.43 | 7.65 ± 4.27 | <0.0001 | 6.50 ± 3.53 | 7.48 ± 4.14 | 0.0713 | 5.77 ± 3.34 | 11.16 ± 4.87 | 0.0001 | 6.00 ± 3.37 | 7.92 ± 3.88 | <0.0001 |
| Admission SIRS | 3 (2–4) | 3 (3–4) | <0.0001 | 3 (3–4) | 3 (3–4) | 0.0023 | 3 (2–4) | 3 (3–4) | 0.0582 | 3 (2–4) | 4 (3–4) | 0.0012 | 3 (2–4) | 3 (3–4) | 0.4403 |
| Drug use | |||||||||||||||
| Vasopressor | 282 (24.06%) | 214 (55.73%) | <0.001 | 103 (21.37%) | 100 (54.35%) | <0.001 | 60 (30.30%) | 35 (57.38%) | <0.001 | 13 (16.67%) | 12 (63.16%) | <0.001 | 106 (25.60%) | 67 (55.83%) | <0.001 |
| NMBA | 275 (23.46%) | 123 (32.03%) | 0.001 | 109 (22.61%) | 56 (30.43%) | 0.037 | 50 (25.25%) | 22 (36.07%) | 0.099 | 14 (17.95%) | 3 (15.79%) | 1.000 | 102 (24.64%) | 42 (35.00%) | 0.024 |
| CRRT | 59 (5.03%) | 81 (21.09%) | <0.001 | 19 (3.94%) | 22 (11.96%) | <0.001 | 14 (7.07%) | 15 (24.59%) | <0.001 | 4 (5.13%) | 11 (57.89%) | <0.001 | 22 (5.31%) | 33 (27.50%) | <0.001 |
Values are given as mean ± SD, medians with their interquartile ranges, or number (%). BMI, body mass index; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; HTN, hypertension; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAD, coronary arterial disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease; SAPS II, simplified acute physiology score II; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; vasopressor, including adenosine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, and vasopressin; NMBA, neuromuscular blocking agents; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy.
Ventilatory characteristics of the survivors and nonsurvivors are shown in Table 2. Driving pressure was significantly lower for survivors (13.56 ± 4.64) than for nonsurvivors (14.38 ± 5.30) (p=0.0066). When performing subgroup analyses, statistical differences among the survivors and nonsurvivors were only found in nonobese patients without abdominal obesity subgroup (12.77 ± 4.53 versus 14.26 ± 5.52, p=0.0012). In addition, the driving pressure difference between nonobese patients without abdominal obesity and obese patients with abdominal obesity subgroup was significant (13.18 ± 4.86 versus 14.47 ± 4.64, p < 0.0001) (Figure 1).
Table 2.
Mechanical ventilation information on day 1 in nonobese and obese patients with or without abdominal obesity.
| Variable | Overall (n = 1556) | p | Nonobese patients without abdominal obesity (n = 666) | p | Nonobese patients with abdominal obesity (n = 259) | p | Obese patients without abdominal obesity (n = 97) | p | Obese patients with abdominal obesity (n = 534) | p value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survivors (n = 1172) | Nonsurvivors (n = 384) | Survivors (n = 482) | Nonsurvivors (n = 184) | Survivors (n = 198) | Nonsurvivors (n = 61) | Survivors (n = 78) | Nonsurvivors (n = 19) | Survivors (n = 414) | Nonsurvivors (n = 120) | ||||||
| Tidal volume (ml) | 486.70 ± 104.50 | 481.00 ± 108.51 | 0.3582 | 473.65 ± 102.16 | 466.43 ± 115.20 | 0.4569 | 485.80 ± 95.82 | 475.08 ± 88.01 | 0.4373 | 497.12 ± 99.93 | 523.44 ± 154.13 | 0.4859 | 500.36 ± 110.26 | 499.62 ± 94.89 | 0.9419 |
| Tidal volume/PBW (ml/kg) | 7.57 ± 1.70 | 7.64 ± 1.89 | 0.5010 | 7.33 ± 1.65 | 7.22 ± 1.78 | 0.4398 | 7.57 ± 1.65 | 7.61 ± 1.57 | 0.8662 | 7.72 ± 1.53 | 8.77 ± 3.32 | 0.1935 | 7.82 ± 1.78 | 8.14 ± 1.74 | 0.0878 |
| Number of patients (n (%)) ventilated with tidal volume | |||||||||||||||
| ≤8 ml/kg | 654 (55.80%) | 235 (61.20%) | <0.001 | 300 (62.24%) | 127 (69.02%) | 0.0010 | 109 (55.05%) | 39 (63.93%) | 0.0050 | 39 (50.00%) | 11 (57.89%) | 0.5040 | 206 (49.76%) | 58 (48.33%) | 0.0100 |
| 8.1–10 ml/kg | 279 (23.81%) | 94 (24.48%) | 101 (20.95%) | 31 (16.85%) | 41 (20.71%) | 19 (31.15%) | 23 (29.49%) | 3 (15.79%) | 114 (27.54%) | 41 (34.17%) | |||||
| 10.1–12 ml/kg | 58 (4.95%) | 31 (8.07%) | 12 (2.49%) | 14 (7.61%) | 14 (7.07%) | 1 (1.64%) | 4 (5.13%) | 2 (10.53%) | 28 (6.76%) | 14 (11.67%) | |||||
| ＞12 ml/kg | 181 (15.44%) | 24 (6.25%) | 69 (14.32%) | 12 (6.52%) | 34 (17.17%) | 2 (3.28%) | 12 (15.38%) | 3 (15.79%) | 66 (15.94%) | 7 (5.83%) | |||||
| Peak pressure (cmH2O) | 21.35 ± 7.40 | 24.40 ± 8.25 | <0.0001 | 20.57 ± 7.18 | 23.60 ± 8.16 | <0.0001 | 20.77 ± 7.78 | 23.54 ± 7.55 | 0.0151 | 21.34 ± 6.84 | 26.53 ± 11.45 | 0.0717 | 22.53 ± 7.43 | 25.72 ± 8.03 | 0.0001 |
| Plateau pressure (cmH2O) | 20.36 ± 5.25 | 22.14 ± 6.06 | <0.0001 | 19.06 ± 5.19 | 21.56 ± 5.83 | <0.0001 | 20.50 ± 5.42 | 21.92 ± 5.96 | 0.0830 | 19.80 ± 4.64 | 24.05 ± 7.97 | 0.0365 | 21.92 ± 4.92 | 22.85 ± 6.06 | 0.1248 |
| PEEP (cmH2O) | 5 (5–10) | 7.5 (5–10) | 0.0001 | 5 (5–8) | 5 (5–10) | 0.0003 | 5 (5–10) | 6 (5–10) | 0.1785 | 5 (5–10) | 8 (5–15) | 0.0021 | 8 (5–10) | 7.5 (5–11) | 0.3984 |
| Number of patients (n (%)) ventilated with PEEP | |||||||||||||||
| ≤5 cm H2O | 682 (58.19%) | 189 (49.22%) | 0.002 | 315 (65.35%) | 95 (51.63%) | 0.005 | 118 (59.60%) | 30 (49.18%) | 0.4250 | 49 (62.82%) | 5 (26.32%) | 0.0010 | 200 (48.31%) | 59 (49.17%) | 0.1540 |
| 5.1–7.5 cm H2O | 11 (0.94%) | 3 (0.78%) | 5 (1.04%) | 1 (0.54%) | 2 (1.01%) | 1 (1.64%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (0.97%) | 1 (0.83%) | |||||
| 7.6–10 cm H2O | 334 (28.50%) | 117 (30.47%) | 119 (24.69%) | 60 (32.61%) | 53 (26.77%) | 20 (32.79%) | 24 (30.77%) | 7 (36.84%) | 138 (33.33%) | 30 (25.00%) | |||||
| >10 cm H2O | 145 (12.37%) | 75 (19.53%) | 43 (8.92%) | 28 (15.22%) | 25 (12.63%) | 10 (16.39%) | 5 (6.41%) | 7 (36.84%) | 72 (17.39%) | 30 (25.00%) | |||||
| Driving pressure (cmH2O) | 13.56 ± 4.64 | 14.38 ± 5.30 | 0.0066 | 12.77 ± 4.53 | 14.26 ± 5.52 | 0.0012 | 13.77 ± 5.21 | 14.21 ± 4.97 | 0.559 | 13.52 ± 4.01 | 13.75 ± 4.67 | 0.826 | 14.39 ± 4.45 | 14.76 ± 5.26 | 0.4784 |
| Biologic parameters on day 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Arterial PH | 7.39 ± 0.84 | 7.36 ± 0.11 | <0.0001 | 7.39 ± 0.09 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | <0.0001 | 7.39 ± 0.08 | 7.36 ± 0.13 | 0.0515 | 7.38 ± 0.09 | 7.31 ± 0.11 | 0.0046 | 7.38 ± 0.08 | 7.38 ± 0.10 | 0.6138 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 93.82 ± 31.43 | 90.52 ± 30.68 | 0.0724 | 93.39 ± 31.78 | 90.67 ± 35.65 | 0.3406 | 91.49 ± 29.39 | 89.89 ± 27.13 | 0.7046 | 97.82 ± 38.88 | 88.42 ± 29.25 | 0.3264 | 94.68 ± 30.41 | 90.93 ± 23.96 | 0.1581 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 44.46 ± 13.09 | 42.66 ± 13.12 | 0.0199 | 43.60 ± 13.37 | 43.63 ± 14.21 | 0.98 | 42.44 ± 12.02 | 40.64 ± 10.66 | 0.2938 | 41.21 ± 8.20 | 47.42 ± 15.33 | 0.1025 | 47.04 ± 13.59 | 41.47 ± 11.90 | 0.0001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 187.10 ± 63.24 | 170.15 ± 67.62 | <0.0001 | 188.41 ± 64.43 | 164.36 ± 70.04 | <0.0001 | 182.75 ± 63.58 | 170.22 ± 66.68 | 0.1847 | 185.67 ± 68.38 | 153.92 ± 74.90 | 0.078 | 187.91 ± 60.77 | 181.57 ± 62.10 | 0.3167 |
Values are given as mean ± SD, medians with their interquartile ranges, or number (%). PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; PBW, predicted body weight.
Figure 1.
Values of driving pressure according to different grouping methods. Driving pressure was calculated as the difference between plateau pressure and PEEP on day 1 of mechanical ventilation. Group 1: nonobese patients without obesity; group 2: nonobese patients with obesity; group 3: obese patients without obesity; group 4: obese patients with obesity; values were given as mean. (1) Driving pressure was significantly lower in nonobese patients without abdominal obesity than in obese patients with abdominal obesity (13.18 ± 4.86 versus 14.47 ± 4.64, p < 0.0001). (2) In nonobese patients without abdominal obesity subgroup, driving pressure was significantly lower in survivors than in nonsurvivors (12.77 ± 4.53 versus 14.26 ± 5.52, p=0.0012). (3) In nonobese patients (i.e., with BMI ≥30 kg/m2), driving pressure was significantly lower in survivors than in nonsurvivors (13.06 ± 4.76 versus 14.25 ± 5.38, p=0.0024).
Crude outcomes are given in Table 3 for the four subgroups. The hospital mortality, ICU mortality, and 28 d mortality rate were not significantly different between patients with and without abdominal obesity. However, ICU LOS, hospital LOS, and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation were significantly shorter in the patients without abdominal obesity irrespective of BMI after adjusting for covariates.
Table 3.
Comparisons of outcomes between patients with and without abdominal obesity.
| Variable | Nonobese patients without abdominal obesity (n = 666) | Nonobese patients with abdominal obesity (n = 259) | p | Obese patients without abdominal obesity (n = 97) | Obese patients with abdominal obesity (n = 534) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital mortality (n (%)) | 184 (27.63%) | 61 (23.55%) | 0.207 | 19 (19.59%) | 120 (22.47%) | 0.528 |
| ICU mortality (n (%)) | 156 (23.42%) | 52 (20.08%) | 0.274 | 19 (19.59%) | 95 (17.79%) | 0.672 |
| 28 d mortality (n (%)) | 179 (26.88%) | 55 (21.24%) | 0.076 | 16 (16.49%) | 109 (20.41%) | 0.373 |
| Hospital LOS (days) | 12.63 (7.5–20.75) | 13.96 (9.04–24.88) | 0.0027 | 11.54 (7.63–16.5) | 13.71 (8.29–22.58) | 0.0431 |
| ICU LOS (days) | 6.19 (3.13–11.92) | 8.79 (4.13–14.5) | 0.0002 | 4.92 (2.75–8.04) | 7.94 (4.04–14.58) | <0.0001 |
| Duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (days) | 4.21 (2.38–8.63) | 5.96 (3–11.04) | 0.0001 | 3.96 (2.13–6.08) | 5.48 (2.83–9.92) | 0.0002 |
Values are given as medians with their interquartile ranges or number (%). LOS, length of stay.
To further explore the effect of driving pressure on the hospital mortality of ARDS patients, all the included patients were divided into four subgroups, and, after logistic multivariable regression analysis, the independent relationship between driving pressure and hospital mortality was demonstrated [OR = 1.04 (95% CI 1.00–1.09), p=0.027] (Table 4) in nonobese patients without abdominal obesity. However, no independent correlations were found in the other three subgroups [OR = 1.01 (95% CI 0.94–1.07), p=0.875 in Model 2; OR = 1.01 (95% CI 0.85–1.21), p=0.877 in Model 3; OR = 0.99 (95% CI 0.94–1.04), p=0.769 in Model 4].
Table 4.
Adjusted ORs of driving pressure for hospital mortality by logistic multivariable regression analysis in four subgroups.
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | p value | VIF |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: correlation between driving pressure and hospital mortality in nonobese patients without abdominal obesity | ||||
| Driving pressure | 1.04 | 1.00–1.09 | 0.027 | 5.13 |
| ARDS severity | 1.52 | 1.16–2.00 | 0.003 | |
| Vasopressor | 2.93 | 1.98–4.34 | <0.001 | |
| SAPS II | 1.04 | 1.03–1.06 | <0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Model 2: correlation between driving pressure and hospital mortality in nonobese patients with abdominal obesity | ||||
| Driving pressure | 1.01 | 0.94–1.07 | 0.875 | 4.79 |
| Vasopressor | 2.04 | 1.05–3.96 | 0.036 | |
| SAPS II | 1.05 | 1.02–1.08 | 0.001 | |
| SOFA | 0.88 | 0.78–0.98 | 0.025 | |
|
| ||||
| Model 3: correlation between driving pressure and hospital mortality in obese patients without abdominal obesity | ||||
| Driving pressure | 1.01 | 0.85–1.21 | 0.877 | 4.98 |
| SOFA | 1.279 | 1.04–1.57 | 0.018 | |
| SIRS | 2.69 | 1.02–7.11 | 0.046 | |
| Age | 1.06 | 1.01–1.12 | 0.018 | |
| CRRT | 15.26 | 2.06–112.9 | 0.008 | |
|
| ||||
| Model 4: correlation between driving pressure and hospital mortality in obese patients with abdominal obesity | ||||
| Driving pressure | 0.99 | 0.94–1.04 | 0.769 | 2.91 |
| Vasopressor | 2.19 | 1.34–3.57 | 0.002 | |
| SOFA | 1.07 | 1.00–1.15 | 0.044 | |
| Age | 1.03 | 1.01–1.04 | 0.001 | |
| CRRT | 4.27 | 2.24–8.14 | <0.001 | |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; SAPS II, simplified acute physiology score II; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; vasopressor, including adenosine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, and vasopressin; NMBA, neuromuscular blocking agents; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy.
4. Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research to assess the association between driving pressure and mortality in ARDS specific patients who have an abdominal obesity with BMI greater or less than 30. The principal finding here was that driving pressure was independently related to mortality only in nonobese patients, classified by BMI level without abdominal obesity.
Very recently, a computational investigation performed by Saffaran et al. identified different strategies that minimized driving pressure or mechanical power consistently across pediatric and adult datasets and found that targeting driving pressure for minimization resulted in ventilator settings that also reduced mechanical power and modified mechanical power but not vice versa. Therefore, appropriate mechanical ventilation to decrease driving pressure is safer for mechanically ventilated patients than mechanical power [13]. Amato et al. using multilevel mediation analysis as a statistical tool found that driving pressure was most strongly associated with survival even in patients receiving “protective” plateau pressures and tidal volume [7]. A multicenter prospective cohort study published in JAMA confirmed these results and found that the increasing of driving pressure on the first day of ARDS was more relevant to hospital death than plateau pressure, and patients with a driving pressure greater than 14 cm H2O on day 1 of ARDS criteria had higher mortality rate [14]. Our results are largely consistent with those of previous studies. In this study, we did find statistically significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors using one-way ANOVA, and the value of driving pressure was below 14 cm H2O for survivors. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that driving pressure was not an independent prognostic factor for hospital death in overall ARDS patients. There are several possible causes for the discrepancy of the results between our previous study and this study. First, the sample size is relatively small. Second, it may be due to significant collinearity between independent variables in multivariate logistic regression analysis for overall ARDS patients. Our data identified driving pressure (odds ratio: 1.02; p=0.142); thus we further subgrouped the patients to decrease variance inflating factor (VIF) of independent variables. However, a retrospective observational analysis conducted by Schmidt showed that driving pressure was not associated with hospital death in non-ARDS mechanically ventilated patients [15].
In specific ARDS patients such as obese patients with ARDS, driving pressure is still not one size that can fit all. Obesity significantly interferes with respiratory system by direct mechanical changes as well as systemic inflammation [16]. Thus, the value of driving pressure found in the nonobese ARDS patients cannot be extrapolated to obese ARDS patients. Chiumello et al. evaluated the effect of the BMI in a group of ARDS patients on chest wall elastance, lung recruitability, and transpulmonary pressure. Meanwhile, obese ARDS patients did not show higher chest wall elastance compared with normal-weight patients [17]. Regretfully, there were very few research studies concerning the relationship between obese patients and driving pressure specifically. As far as we know, only recently Jong et al. published a study assessing the relationship between driving pressure during the first day of ventilation and 90-day mortality in obese patients classified by BMI with ARDS; the result demonstrated that driving pressure was not associated with 90-day mortality in obese ARDS patients [9], but two critical limitations should be noted. First, the obesity criteria were determined only based on BMI without considering the distribution of fat or the presence of abdominal fat. Second, this research did not distinguish the invasive mechanical ventilation of ARDS patients from noninvasive patients, probably owing to the relative small sample size. The value of driving pressure of nonobese patients (i.e., BMI <30 kg/m2) found in our research is in line with previous studies. But, in obese patients, in particular severely obese patients (i.e., BMI ≥40), the driving pressure was more than 14 cm H2O no matter in survivors or in nonsurvivors without statistically significant differences. Moreover, the driving pressure increased as BMI category increased. Furthermore, when patients were divided into four subgroups based on BMI level and abdominal assessment, statistically significant differences occurred between survivors and nonsurvivors only in nonobese patients with nonabdominal obesity subgroup, and driving pressure was independently associated with hospital mortality in this subgroup. A North Indian adolescent study reported that abdominal obesity was more prevalent than generalized obesity and showed increasing trend with age. Interestingly, over one-third of centrally obese adolescents were not obese by BMI criteria [18]. The main explanations of the differences observed between ARDS patients with and without abdominal obesity even in nonobese patients may be the following: For the vast majority of research works related to mechanical ventilation in obese ARDS patients, the obesity criteria were determined based on BMI only, which cannot reflect the body fat mass distribution or the presence of abdominal obesity, since the pattern of body fat distribution significantly influences the function of the respiratory system, likely via the direct mechanical effect of fat accumulation in the chest and abdominal regions; that is, the possible increase in chest wall elastance may modify the effects of the driving pressure on lung stress.
A relationship between higher BMI and longer lengths of stay but not ARDS mortality was reported by Gong et al. [19]. Similar to these results, Anzueto et al. [2] found that the obese patients were more likely to have significant complications during the course of ventilatory support including ARDS and acute renal failure, but there were no associations with increased duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, or mortality. The present findings differ from those reported in previous studies due to the different subgrouping method.
The results of this study suggest that driving pressure may not be appropriate to evaluate the severity of obese ARDS patients or nonobese patients with abdominal obesity; thus, we should focus not only on obesity but also on the distribution of fat. Predicted value equations for lung function testing have largely been developed from nonobese subjects, while a weight term is included in some lung function prediction equations; the association between body mass and lung function is influenced by obesity prevalence in the population [20, 21]. With no studies on the relationship between central obesity and driving pressure of mechanical ventilation, our results support the use of titrating PEEP by electrical impedance tomography or other indicators rather than driving pressure to monitor the obese ARDS patients or nonobese ARDS patients with abdominal obesity.
Some limitations exist in this study. First, the design was monocentric with a retrospective analysis, although this report was based on a large clinical database, MIMIC-III. Second, the abdominal obesity was based on abdominal assessment not abdominal circumference, due to missing abdominal girth data for ARDS patents in MIMIC-III. Third, although weight was determined on ICU admission, we cannot completely exclude the influence of fluid balance prior to ICU admission on the BMI.
5. Conclusion
Driving pressure is associated with increased hospital mortality only in nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m2) patients with nonabdominal obesity. We suspected that predefined ventilator settings that are similar for ARDS patients with and without abdominal obesity no matter BMI level may not be appropriate, since central obesity represents the massive load of the obese abdomen and the distribution of adipose tissue in the thoracic region reduce lung volume, impair the stability of the airways, and accelerate small airways collapse, thus inducing intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Thus, titrating PEEP to decrease driving pressure may be more reasonable for these patients.
Data Availability
The full dataset is available from the corresponding upon request. However, reanalysis of the full data needs to be approved by MIMIC-III Institute.
Ethical Approval
Ethical approval was obtained from Laboratory for Computational Physiology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
Shanshan Li was responsible for data analysis, data extraction, and writing of the manuscript. Bin Chen was responsible for data analysis. Chaoyang Tong was responsible for data validation. Shanshan Li and Bin Chen contributed equally to this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The full dataset is available from the corresponding upon request. However, reanalysis of the full data needs to be approved by MIMIC-III Institute.