Table 3.
Distribution of the average scores of the DASS-21 sub-dimension according to descriptive characteristics.
| Depression | Anxiety | Stress | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female (n = 593) | 7.3 ± 4.7 | 5.0 ± 3.7 | 7.9 ± 4.4 |
| Male (n = 277) | 6.4 ± 4.9 | 4.0 ± 3.4 | 6.7 ± 4.4 | |
| t | 2.537 | 3.934 | 3.733 | |
| P | 0.011 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Marital status | Married (n = 398) | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 3.7 ± 3.2 | 6.2 ± 4.0 |
| Single (n = 472) | 8.3 ± 5.0 | 5.5 ± 3.7 | 8.6 ± 4.5 | |
| t | −9.139 | −7.689 | −8.120 | |
| P | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Status of having children | Yes (n = 374) | 5.6 ± 4.0 | 3.8 ± 3.2 | 6.3 ± 3.9 |
| No (n = 496) | 8.1 ± 5.1 | 5.3 ± 3.8 | 8.4 ± 4.6 | |
| t | −8.207 | −6.515 | −7.190 | |
| P | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Educational level | Primary education (n = 25) | 5.7 ± 3.3 | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 6.8 ± 3.3 |
| High school (n = 126) | 7.4 ± 4.9 | 4.8 ± 3.9 | 7.9 ± 4.5 | |
| University and above (n = 719) | 7.0 ± 4.8 | 4.7 ± 3.6 | 7.5 ± 4.4 | |
| F | 1.305 | 1.537 | 0.883 | |
| P | 0.272 | 0.216 | 0.414 | |
| Working status | Employed (n = 478) | 6.0 ± 4.4 | 4.1 ± 3.4 | 6.6 ± 4.3 |
| Unemployed (n = 392) | 8.3 ± 5.0 | 5.4 ± 3.7 | 8.6 ± 4.4 | |
| t | −7.018 | −5.736 | −6.620 | |
| P | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Working status as health employee | Yes (n = 82) | 6.8 ± 4.3 | 4.8 ± 3.4 | 7.2 ± 4.0 |
| No (n = 396) | 5.9 ± 4.4 | 3.9 ± 3.4 | 6.5 ± 4.3 | |
| t | 1.756 | 2.087 | 1.365 | |
| P | 0.080 | 0.037 | 0.173 | |
| Income level | Income is less than expenses (n = 161) | 8.2 ± 5.0 | 5.4 ± 3.7 | 8.4 ± 4.5 |
| Income is equal to expense (n = 484) | 7.2 ± 4.7 | 4.7 ± 3.5 | 7.6 ± 4.3 | |
| Expenses are less than income (n = 225) | 5.9 ± 4.6a,b | 4.1 ± 3.6a | 6.6 ± 4.5a,b | |
| F | 11.520 | 6.417 | 7.830 | |
| P | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
| Social security | Yes (n = 761) | 6.9 ± 4.7 | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 7.3 ± 4.4 |
| No (n = 109) | 8.2 ± 5.0 | 5.4 ± 4.0 | 8.6 ± 4.3 | |
| t | −2.636 | −2.199 | −2.804 | |
| P | 0.009 | 0.028 | 0.005 | |
| Living settlement unit | Village/town (n = 32) | 6.9 ± 5.2 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | 7.5 ± 4.5 |
| District (n = 234) | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 4.5 ± 3.5 | 7.4 ± 4.4 | |
| Province (n = 604) | 7.0 ± 4.8 | 4.7 ± 3.7 | 7.5 ± 4.4 | |
| F | 0.023 | 0.324 | 0.091 | |
| P | 0.977 | 0.724 | 0.913 | |
| Smoking status | Yes (n = 247) | 7.2 ± 5.0 | 4.9 ± 3.8 | 7.6 ± 4.6 |
| No (n = 623) | 7.0 ± 4.7 | 4.6 ± 3.5 | 7.4 ± 4.3 | |
| t | 0.661 | 1.233 | 0.557 | |
| P | 0.509 | 0.218 | 0.578 | |
| Blood group | A (n = 376) | 6.9 ± 4.7 | 4.5 ± 3.5 | 7.4 ± 4.2 |
| B (n = 144) | 7.6 ± 5.1 | 5.1 ± 3.9 | 8.0 ± 4.9 | |
| AB (n = 70) | 6.6 ± 5.0 | 4.4 ± 3.9 | 6.9 ± 4.2 | |
| 0 (n = 280) | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 4.8 ± 3.5 | 7.6 ± 4.4 | |
| F | 0.971 | 1.229 | 1.303 | |
| P | 0.406 | 0.298 | 0.272 | |
The bold values show p < 0.05.
a
Shows differences with the first category.
b
Shows differences with the second category.