Extended Data Table 1.
Positive and negative controls
| (A) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Contemporary control HR (95% CI) | Historical control HR (95% CI) | |
| Positive outcome control | |||
| Fatigue | 2.79 (2.57, 3.03) | 2.93 (2.68, 3.21) | |
| Negative outcome controls | |||
| Atopic dermatitis | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | |
| Accidental poisoning | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | |
| Accidental injury | 1.01 (0.89, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | |
| Fitting of a hearing aid or contact lenses | 1.00 (0.93, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | |
| Ingrown toenail | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | |
| Scar | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | |
| Models were weighted for age, race, ADI, the number in the year before testing positive of outpatient visits, inpatient visits and unique medication prescriptions, routine blood chemistry panels, prior history of receiving an influenza vaccination, smoking status, anxiety, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia, depression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral artery disease, systolic blood pressure, BMI, geographic region of VISN and calendar week of enrollment as well as algorithmically selected high-dimensional variables. Comparisons with the contemporary control additionally weighted for hospital system average hospital bed occupancy, total hospital bed capacity, positivity rate of tests, number of tests and Health and Human Services region SARS-CoV-2 variant proportion in the week before enrollment. | |||
| (B) | |||
| Outcome | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Death | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | ||
| At least one post-acute sequela | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Cardiovascular | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Coagulation and hematologic | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | ||
| Fatigue | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | ||
| Kidney | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | ||
| Mental health | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Metabolic | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Musculoskeletal | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | ||
| Neurologic | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | ||
| Pulmonary | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | ||
| Models were weighted for age, race, ADI, the number in the year before testing positive of outpatient visits, inpatient visits and unique medication prescriptions, routine blood chemistry panels, BMI, smoking status, anxiety, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia, depression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral artery disease, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, geographic region of VISN and duration of follow-up as well as algorithmically selected high-dimensional variables. | |||
(A): evaluation of a positive outcome control in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection without prior vaccination and negative outcome controls in those with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the contemporary and historical control groups. (B): evaluation of the association of a negative exposure control of receipt of seasonal influenza vaccination on odd calendar days compared to even calendar days with risk of outcomes.