Table 1.
Summarized effects of acute restraint stress, chronic repeated restraint stress and chronic variable stress on metabolic and stress markers
| STRESS | BW gain | Body fat | Adrenal | Thymus | CORT | Food intake | EE | Locomotion home cage | RER | Anxiety |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute restraint | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ↑ | 0 | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ND |
| Chronic repeated restraint (CRS) | ↓ | 0 | ↑ | 0 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | 0 |
| Chronic variable stress (CVS) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | 0 | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
BW, body weight; CORT, corticosterone; EE, energy expenditure; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; 0, no change; ND, non-determined.