Table 1.
Overview on existing lifestyle intervention studies. Studies are subdivided by neuroimaging technique. Studies may be listed more than once if more than one neuroimaging technique is applied. In order to ease comprehensibility of this and the two other tables, we occasionally simplified the presented study characteristics. In particular, if a study comprised the prognostic and associative modelling approach, only one was mentioned (in this case the study would have been classified as “Prognostic” in the column “Modelling: Outcome” as we considered this modelling approach more meaningful). Similarly, if a study comprised several outcome markers, only one was mentioned in the column “Modelling: Outcome”. In case changes in bodyweight or weight loss respectively was modelled in addition to other outcome markers, “bodyweight” was mentioned in the column “Modelling: Outcome” as we considered this outcome most relevant. Consistently, “Predictor” and “Significant prediction results” only list those predictors and results that relate to the parameters reported in column “Modelling: Outcome”. The codes for modelling parameters and outcomes in “Significant prediction results” (such as “CR_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T3” or “PET_T0 → OUT_T3”) report the predictor and the time point(s) the predictor was derived of on the left sign of the arrow, on the right side the time points for the outcome marker are reported. Despite slight potential inaccuracies resulting from this procedure, a period of four weeks was converted to one month in these time point codes. In column “Experimental design “, these time points are reported on a (higher) week-level accuracy. Consequently, for example, the code “CR_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T3” would refer to modelling an outcome marker measured after three months of treatment based on a food CR fMRI parameter measured immediately before treatment onset. Finally, the number of time points listed after each “T” in these codes is important: if only a single time point is listed after a “T” (such as in “OUT_T0” or “OUT_T0_T3”) than parameter raw values measured at the specific time point(s) were modelled with one model – in this case for the baseline time point alone (“OUT_T0”) or the baseline time point and a time point after 3 months (“OUT_T0_T3”). If, however, a “T” is followed by two time points (such as in “OUT_T0_3_T3_9”) than temporal difference markers for the respective parameter were modelled with one model – in this case differences between baseline and after 3 months, and after 3 vs. 9 months. Thus, for example, the code „CR_fMRI_T0_T3_T15_T27 → OUT_T0_3_T3_15_T15_27_T27_39 “ refers to one model were temporal differences in an outcome marker between time points T0 & T3, T3 & T15, T15 & T27, and finally T27 & T39 were modelled on CR fMRI parameters sampled at T0, T3, T15, T27. Finally, in addition to the studies presented in the table, we want to mention an LI study of Hege et al. [195] who used magnetoencephalographic data to prognose future WL in 33 overweight or obese participants. They found that higher activity in superior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, hippocampus, inferior temporal gyrus, insula, Heschl gyrus, fusiform gyrus, insula went along with successful weight loss, lower activity in middle occipital and inferior frontal gyrus went along with successful weight loss. We mention this study separately, as the measurement technique (magnetencephalography) and the task applied (1-back memory task) deviate strongly from the other studies presented in this work
| Study | Modelling: Outcome | #Participants (per group) | Experimental design | Predictor | Pred. meth | Significant prediction results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Task-fMRI | ||||||
| Schur et al. [173] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
37 OB (WL: Family-based behavior treatment) | T0 (pre-WL), T6 (after 6 months WL), T12 (after 6 months FUP 1 + WL), T18 (after 6 months FUP 2 + WL + FUP1) | Voxel CR activity | OLS | CR_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_6: Positive association between WL and the reduction in CR activity to high-calorie food cues averaged across medial orbitofrontal cortex, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area, amygdalae, dorsal and ventral striatum, and insula from before to after consuming a standardized meal |
| Hermann et al. [174] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
29 OB (WL: 29 caloric restriction, nutritional counselling) | T0 (pre-WL), T1 (after 1-month WL), T6 (after 6 months WL) | Voxel CR activity | OLS | CR_fMRI_T0_1 → OUT_T0_6: Positive association between WL and CR activity reductions in posterior part of the dorsal and ventral putamen, right pallidum, and left caudate |
| Maurer et al. [163] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
23 OW/OB (WL: 19 caloric restriction; WMT: 11 nutritional counselling, PE, Relaxation, 12 ad lib) | T0 (pre-WL), T3 (after 12 weeks WL), T15 (after 12 month WMT + WL), T27 (after 12 months FUP + WL + WM) | Voxel CR activity (modulated by GLP1) | LMM | CR_fMRI × GLP1_T0_T3_T15 → OUT_T0_3_T3_15_T15_27: Positive association of body weight variations with the interaction of endogenous Glukagon-Like-Peptid-1 levels and CR activity in dlPFC |
| Neseliler et al. [179] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
24 OW/OB (WL: 24 caloric restriction) | T0 (pre-WL), T1 (after 1-month WL), T3 (after 3 months WL) | CR activity averaged across selected voxels | OLS | CR_fMRI_T0_1 → OUT_T1_3: Positive association between WL and the average CR activity of regions including control areas (dlPFC, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule) |
| Szabo-Reed et al. [169] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
75 OW/OB (WL: 75 caloric restriction, behavioral modification, physical activity) | T0 (pre-WL), T3 (after 3 months WL) | Voxel CR activity | SEM | CR_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_3: Positive effect of right middle frontal gyrus CR activity on WL mediated via program attendance (positive effect of right middle frontal gyrus (i.e., dlPFC) CR activity on attendance; positive effect of attendance on WL) |
| Weygandt et al. [18] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
30 OW/OB (WL: 22 caloric restriction; WM: 12 nutritional counselling, PE, relaxation, 18 ad lib) | T0 (pre-WL), T3 (after 12 weeks WL), T15 (after 12-month WM + WL), T27 (after 12 months FUP1 + WL + WMT), T39 (after 12 months FUP2 + WL + WMT + FUP1) | Principal components of voxel CR and DD activity | LMM |
CR_fMRI_T0_T3_T15_T27 → OUT_T0_3_ T3_15_T15_27_T27_39: Moderate negative association between WL and CR network activity (esp. left hippocampus) DD_fMRI_T0_T3_T15_T27 → OUT_T0_3_ T3_15_T15_27_T27_39: Moderate positive association between WL and DD network activity (esp. right inferior parietal gyrus) CR × DD_fMRI_T0_T3_T15_T27 → OUT_T0_3_ T3_15_T15_27_T27_39: Strong positive association between WL and interaction of CR network activity (esp. visual areas) with DD network activity (esp. right insula) |
| Paolini et al. [101] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
56 OW/OB (WL & WMT: caloric restriction, caloric restriction + aerobic exercise, caloric restriction + resistance exercise; no group sizes provided) | T0 (pre-WL), T6 (after 6 months WL) | Global efficiency derived from CR FC | OLS | CR_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_6: Positive association between WL and global efficiency of a network comprising primarily reward areas |
| Weygandt et al. [106] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
23 OW/OB (WMT: 10 nutritional counselling, PE, Relaxation, 13 ad lib) | T0 (post-WL), T12 (post 12-month WMT) | Voxel DD activity | OLS | DD_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_12: Positive association between WL and superior frontal gyrus DD activity |
| Weygandt et al. [97] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
16 OW/OB (WL: 16 caloric restriction) | T0 (pre-WL), T3 (after 12 weeks WL) | Voxel DD activity; Seed-to-voxel DD FC | OLS |
DD_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_3: Positive association between WL and DD activity in vmPFC, dmPFC, and dlPFC; negative association between WL and DD activity in anterior insula and dmPFC; DD_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_3: Positive association between WL and DD FC of vmPFC with dlPFC and dmPFC. Negative association between WL and DD FC of vmPFC with dorsal striatum |
| Murdaugh et al. [175] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
25 OW/OB (WL: 25 educational, motivational, and behavioral components) | T0 (pre-WL), T3 (after 12 weeks WL), T12 (after 9 months FUP + WL) | Voxel CR activity | OLS |
CR_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_3: Negative association between WL and activity in reward areas (ncl. accumbens, ACC, frontal operculum, insula), visual processing areas, areas mediating attentional processes, middle temporal gyrus, cerebellum; CR_fMRI_T3 → OUT_T3_12: Negative association WL and CR activity in reward areas (ventral tegmental area, putamen, insula, and hippocampus), visual processing and attention areas; CR_fMRI_T0_3 → OUT_T3_12: Positive association between WL and reduction in CR activity in insula, inferior frontal gyrus, thalamus |
| Drummen et al. [180] |
Associations: Bodyweight |
27 OW/OB (WL: caloric restriction; WMT: 12 moderate protein, 15 high protein dietary guidelines) | T0 (pre-WL), T2 (after 8 weeks WL), T26 (after 24-month WMT + WL) | Voxel CR activity | OLS | CR_fMRI_T2_26 → OUT_T2_26: Negative association between changes in body weight during weight maintenance and changes in neural food CR during weight maintenance in left and right rolandic operculum, right inferior frontal gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus (i.e., dlPFC) |
| Resting-state fMRI | ||||||
| Levakov et al. [129] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
92 OW (WL: 29 PE, 29 PE + Mediterranean diet, 34 PE + polyphenol enriched Mediterranean diet) | T0 (pre-WL), T6 (after 6 months WL) | RS FC between atlas regions | OLS | RS_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_6: The authors detected a network primarily composed of reward regions for which the FC between more regions was related to WL on a suprathreshold level than was expectable by chance |
| Mokhtari et al. [132] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
52 OW/OB (WL & WM: caloric restriction, caloric restriction + aerobic exercise, caloric restriction + resistance exercise; no group sizes provided) | T0 (pre-WL), T18 (after 12-month WM + 6 months WL) | Sliding window RS FC between atlas regions |
SVC (CV) |
RS_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_18: Accuracy for classifying successful vs. non-successful WL based on sliding window RS FC of 97% |
| Contreras-Rodríguez et al. [125] | Prognostic: Bodyweight | 42 OW/OB (WL: 30-min diet counseling session) | T0 (pre-WL), T3 (after 12 weeks WL) | Seed-to-voxel RS FC | OLS | RS_fMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_3: Negative Association between WL and RS FC between dorsal caudate and somatosensory cortex |
| McFadden et al. [124] |
Associations: Bodyweight |
11 OW/OB (WL: PE) | T0 (pre-WL), T6 (after 6 months WL) | Voxel-correlates of ICs extracted from RS fMRI | OLS | RS_fMRI_T0_6 → OUT_T0_6: Positive association between exercise-induced reduction in fat mass and exercise-induced reduction of default-mode network RS FC in precuneus |
| Structural neuroimaging | ||||||
| Honea et al. [140] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
72 OB (WL: 72 cal restriction, physical exercise, behavioral modification) | T0 (pre-WL), T3 (after 12 weeks WL) | Voxel GM volume; voxel WM volume | OLS |
VBM_sMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_3: Positive association between WL and GM volume in right parahippocampal gyrus and right OFC; VBM_sMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_3: Positive association between WL and WM volume close to left OFC/inferior frontal gyrus and right fusiform gyrus |
| Mokhtari et al. [141] |
Prognostic: Bodyweight |
52 OW/OB (WL & WM: 14 caloric restriction, 15 caloric restriction + aerobic exercise, 23 caloric restriction + resistance exercise) | T0 (pre-WL), T18 (after 12 months WMT + WL) | Voxel GM volume; voxel WM volume |
SVC (CV) |
VBM_sMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_18: Accuracy for classifying successful vs. non-successful WL based on: voxel-wise GM volume of 77% / WM volume 74% /GM & WM combined 78% |
| Best et al. [138] |
Prognostic: Program adherence |
Data set 1, 83 average waist-to-hip-ratio: 0.83 (WL: 33 once-weekly resistance training, 26 twice-weekly resistance training, 25 twice-weekly balance-and-tone training); Data set 2, 39 average waist-to-hip-ratio: 0.86 (WL: 13 resistance training, 14 aerobic training, 12 balance-and-tone training) |
T0 (pre-WL) and T13 (Dataset 1: after 52 weeks WL) or T6 (Dataset 2: after 26 weeks WL) | Volume of atlas GM regions | LMMr | sMRI_sMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_13 and sMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_6.5: Across both data sets positive association between program attendance and GM volume of lateral OFC and middle frontal gyrus (i.e., dlPFC) |
| Gujral et al. [139] |
Prognostic: Program adherence |
159 (no group sizes and weight-related parameters provided): Moderate-intensity aerobic walking, nonaerobic stretching and toning condition | T0 (pre-PE program), T12 (after 12 months PE program) | Voxel GM volume; voxel FA | OLS |
VBM_sMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_12: Positive association between program adherence and GM volume of (primarily) prefrontal, somatosensory, motor, temporal, and parietal regions; DTI_sMRI_T0 → OUT_T0_12: Positive association between program adherence and tract FA of (primarily) anterior thalamic radiation, forceps minor, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and body of the corpus callosum |
| Mueller et al. [143] | Associations: Bodyweight | 16 OW/OB (WL: 60-min of supervised physical training twice a week) | T0 (pre-WL), T3 (after 3 months WL) | Voxel GM volume | OLS | VBM_sMRI_T0_3 → OUT_T0_3: Positive association between BMI reduction and GM volume in right insula and in left cerebellar regions |
ACC anterior cingulate cortex, ad lib ad libitum, BMI body mass index, CR cue reactivity, CV cross validation, DD delay discounting, dlPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dmPFC dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, FA fractional anisotropy, FC functional connectivity, fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging, FUP follow-up, GLP1 Glucagon-like Peptide 1, GM grey matter, LMM(r) (robust) linear mixed model regression, ncl nucleus, OB obese, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, OLS ordinary least square regression, OUT outcome marker, OW overweight, PE physical exercise, PFC prefrontal cortex, Pred. meth computational prediction method, RS resting-state, SEM structural equation modelling, sMRI structural magnetic resonance imaging, SVC support vector classification, VBM voxel based morphometry, vmPFC ventromedial prefrontal cortex, WL weight loss, WM white matter, WMT weight maintenance