Table 1.

Bulk material composition for the fabrication of cultured meat, biorobotic systems and biohybrid implants.

	Cultured meat	Biorobotic systems	Biohybrid implants
Cell types	Bovine myocytes from biopsies13,35 Bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (BSMC) and Bovine skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells (BEC)11 Mouse muscle myoblasts (C2C12)12	Mouse muscle myoblasts (C2C12)16,37,127 Neonatal rat myoblasts2 Primary rat cardiomyocytes64,125,130 Primary xenopus epidermis and cardiac progenitor cells128 Optogenetic mouse embryonic stem cell line ChR2H134R-HBG3 Hb9-GFP differentiated into motor neurons55	Mouse muscle myoblasts (C2C12)21,24,57,58,66 Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells21 Human primary muscle progenitor cells36 Mouse fibroblasts (BALB/3T3, NIH/3T3)54,58,154 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived cardiomyocytes and human endothelial cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cells17
Matrix materials and their concentration in the bulk	Collagen (type I): 2,4%13 Fibrin: 4%13 Matrigel: 20%13 Gelatin- Alginate scaffold: 7% (swollen), 90.5% (dry)12 Textured soy protein scaffold: 91%(dry)11	Collagen (type I): 2%55 Fibrin: 4%37,127, 2%16 Matrigel: 30%37,127, 2%55 Glycerol: 10%16 Gelatin: 3.5%16 Hyaluronic acid: 3%16	Collagen (type I): 1.2-2.4%21 Fibrin: 4%21, 2%36,66, 2.5%54 Decellularized muscle extra cellular matrix: 2.5%17, 1%24 Glycerol: 10%36,66 Gelatin: 3.5%36,54,66 Hyaluronic acid: 3%36,54,66 Alginate: 4%21, 6-8%57, 4%58 Polyethylene glycol (PEG)- Fibrin: 0.8%58 Methacrylated Gelatin (GelMa): 10%57 Methacrylated hyaluronic acid: 1.5%21
Crosslinking mechanisms	Biological (enzymatic), Physical (thermal)	Biological (enzymatic), Physical (thermal)	Biological (enzymatic), Chemical (UV-light assisted covalent crosslinking) Physical (thermal, ionic)
Support materials for fabrication		Polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS)2	Gelatin microparticles support bath21 Sodium alginate microparticles (0,32 %) and xanthan gum (0.25 %) supplemented support bath17 Pluronic F-12766
Support materials for tissue conditioning	PDMS pillars13 Agarose hub35 Textured soy protein11 Gelatin- Alginate scaffold12	Polyethylene glycol -diacrylate (PEGDA) –skeleton37,127 PDMS pillars and substrates2,64,125,130	Oxygen releasing particles57 Polycaprolacton (PCL) anchors24,36 Polyurethane (PU) grids54 PCL grids54