Table 2.

Association of the alcohol flushing response with depression.

	No depression/depression	Weighted prevalence (%)	AOR (95% CI)†	P-value
Alcohol flushing status
Never flusher	82,307/1996	2.52	1 (Ref.)
Former flusher	5951/161	2.66	1.03 (0.83–1.26)	0.812
Current flusher	47,659/1306	2.93	1.23 (1.12–1.34)	< 0.001
Sex
Male	72,559/1288	1.87	1 (Ref.)
Female	63,358/2175	3.67	3.31 (2.90–3.78)	< 0.001
Age (years)
19–39	38,269/1274	3.41	1 (Ref.)
40–59	56,374/1103	1.96	0.57 (0.52–0.63)	< 0.001
60–69	23,883/500	2.28	0.48 (0.41–0.57)	< 0.001
≥ 70	17,391/586	3.47	0.60 (0.49–0.73)	< 0.001
Family income level
1st quartile	29,762/1294	5.01	1 (Ref.)
2nd quartile	20,187/515	3.28	0.65 (0.57–0.75)	< 0.001
3rd quartile	38,736/812	2.36	0.48 (0.42–0.54)	< 0.001
4th quartile	47,232/842	1.91	0.41 (0.36–0.47)	< 0.001
Educational level
None	5950/348	5.97	1 (Ref.)
Primary	14,113/445	3.83	0.76 (0.62–0.94)	0.010
Secondary	64,568/1627	2.94	0.59 (0.48–0.73)	< 0.001
Tertiary	51,286/1043	2.14	0.48 (0.38–0.59)	< 0.001
Smoking status
Never smoker	78,614/2043	2.71	1 (Ref.)
Ex-smoker	28,774/513	1.82	1.23 (1.05–1.44)	0.013
Current smoker	28,529/907	3.30	1.95 (1.70–2.23)	< 0.001
Alcohol intake (g/day)
< 5	82,762/2128	2.63	1 (Ref.)
5–14.9	26,230/628	2.50	0.99 (0.88–1.12)	0.929
15–29.9	17,141/379	2.49	1.02 (0.88–1.18)	0.815
≥ 30	9784/328	3.89	1.60 (1.35–1.89)	< 0.001
Drinking onset
< 19 years old	35,307/1192	3.60	1 (Ref.)
≥ 19 years old	100,610/2271	2.30	0.61 (0.55–0.67)	< 0.001
Attempts to reduce/quit drinking
No	116,986/2557	2.28	1 (Ref.)
Yes	18,931/906	4.99	2.14 (1.94–2.37)	< 0.001

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference.

^†OR adjusted for sex, age, family income level, educational level, smoking status, alcohol intake, age of drinking onset, and attempts to reduce/quit drinking.