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. 2022 Jul 22;13:4242. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31957-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematics of the assembly process of CNA. b A schematic of intermolecular interactions between ANF and PVA involved in CNAs. c A schematic of CNA involving bundling and jointing of fibrils in the 3D network. d, e SEM images of an isotropic CNA (d) and a highly oriented anisotropic CNA (e). f A photograph of a bulk CNA sample with a density of 0.02 g cm⁻³. g A photograph of a CNA membrane with semi-transparency. h A CNA sample patterned with infrared laser machining. i, j Photographs of CNA samples under compression (i) and tension (j).