Fig. 4. Potential applications.
a A schematic of a CNA membrane serving as an air filter. b Pore size distribution of CNAs with various levels of porosity. c The drop of air pressure across 20-µm-thick CNA membranes, measured under a face velocity of 0.05 m s−1. d Filtration efficiency of CNA membranes against airborne bacteria, as compared with commercial MCE membranes. The optical density at 600 nm wavelength (OD600) is proportional to cell concentration. e A kirigami CNA membrane with a pattern of conductive ink infiltrated into the porous structures, serving as electrodes and interconnects for wearable electronics. f, g Conformability of a kirigami CNA membrane on the dynamic 3D surface of human skin (g), as compared with a membrane without kirigami (f). h Thermal conductivities of CNAs with various levels of porosity. i Infrared transmittance spectra of CNA and pure ANF, as compared with the spectrum of human body radiation. j A photograph and an infrared thermal image showing the thermal stealth behavior of a CNA membrane as compared with silicone.