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. 2022 Jul 22;12:12537. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16693-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Map of recorded induced seismicity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). The blue dashed line shows the mountain deformation margin. Red circles show some recorded earthquakes, and the beach balls denote their focal mechanisms of HF-induced (orange), tectonic-related (green), and EOR-induced (blue) events^11,23. (b) Map of induced seismicity and fracturing horizontal wells near the Crooked Lake region. The gray circles show the recorded induced earthquakes. The magnitude-scaled beach balls denote the focal mechanisms of five mainshocks^13,23. The pink circles show the 12-month shale gas production of horizontal wells. Crooked Lake is marked with a yellow polygon. Two green triangles denote the coring wells drilled for the petrophysical experiments. The blue diamonds represent fracturing horizontal wells with available treatment data. The purple triangle marks the straight well drilled into the Cambrian formation. The black line is the boundary of the available 3D seismic survey.