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. 2022 Jul 4;25(8):104717. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104717

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Sex hormone pathways and their impacts on immunity

Canonical ER and AR signaling pathways that are more prevalent in females and males, respectively. Boxed list refers to changes in immune cell subsets by estrogen (magenta) or androgens (blue). Magenta and blue arrows denote positive and negative changes in response to estrogen or androgens, respectively. The lack of an arrow indicates there is either no change or it has not been evaluated. Right section includes compounds known to inhibit various nodes of the AR signaling pathway. LH, luteinizing hormone. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone. LHRH, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. E, estrogen. GPER, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. T, testosterone. DHT, dihydrotestosterone. HSP, heat shock protein. ERE, estrogen response element. ARE, androgen response element. DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone. AD, androstenediol/androstenedione. SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin. Figure adapted from images created with BioRender.com.