Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of 4 subgroups of the stroke survivors.
| Variables | CNVRa subgroup (n=17) | CIVRb subgroup (n=14) | CNCGc subgroup (n=15) | CICGd subgroup (n=11) | ANOVAe (treatment) | ANOVA (cognitive) | ANOVA (treatment × cognitive) | Chi-square test | ||||
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|
|
|
|
|
F 1,53 | P value | F 1,53 | P value | F 1,53 | P value | χ 2 3 | P value |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 57.29 (11.08) | 62.57 (9.57) | 54.40 (10.37) | 65.55 (10.40) | <0.001 | .99 | 8.653 | .005 | 1.105 | .30 |
|
|
| Disease duration (days), mean (SD) | 36.47 (36.99) | 51.86 (43.88) | 28.80 (14.32) | 32.00 (16.57) | 2.656 | .11 | 1.211 | .28 | 0.521 | .47 |
|
|
| MMSEf, mean (SD) | 28.71 (1.05) | 21.21 (4.06) | 28.60 (1.12) | 20.09 (4.57) | 0.607 | .44 | 102.844 | <.001 | 0.416 | .52 |
|
|
| NIHSSg, mean (SD) | 5.35 (2.55) | 9.21 (2.86) | 6.87 (3.25) | 6.18 (3.37) | 0.901 | .35 | 3.940 | .052 | 8.070 | .006h,i |
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|
| Sex (female/male), n | 2/15 | 4/10 | 5/10 | 3/8 |
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|
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|
|
2.291 | .54 |
| Hemiplegic side (right/left), n | 7/10 | 6/8 | 6/9 | 8/3 |
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|
|
|
|
|
3.540 | .32 |
| Brunnstrom stage of arm (stage 1-6), n | 1/5/4/3/3/1 | 4/6/4/0/0/0 | 1/10/1/2/1/0 | 1/3/2/1/3/1 |
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|
|
|
|
|
18.683 | .23 |
| Brunnstrom stage of hand (stage 1-6), n | 0/9/0/4/3/1 | 5/7/2/0/0/0 | 2/9/2/0/2/0 | 3/2/0/2/3/1 |
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25.014 | .050 |
aCNVR: cognitive normal virtual reality group.
bCIVR: cognitive impaired virtual reality group.
cCNCG: cognitive normal control group.
dCICG: cognitive impaired control group.
eANOVA: analysis of variance.
fMMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.
gNIHSS: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale.
hANOVA result was significant.
iBonferroni post hoc test was significant between the CNVR subgroup and the CIVR subgroup (P=.004).