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. 2022 Jul 8;5(3):e33085. doi: 10.2196/33085

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of caregiver participants of included studies.

Study and country Sample size Age (years) Sex, n (%) Education, n (%) Ethnicity, n (%)
Banbury et al [56], Australia 69 Mean 62.6 (SD 13.54)

  • 50 (72.5) female

  • 19 (27.5) male

  • 6 (8.7) did not complete high school

  • 6 (8.7) completed high school

  • 17 (24.6) had technical and further education or trade

  • 24 (34.8) attended university

  • 16 (23.2) had postgraduate qualifications

  • Not reported
Beentjes et al [37], Netherlands 59 Experimental group mean 65.61 (SD 10.196); control group mean 68.03 (SD 11.675)

  • 38 (64.4) female

  • 21 (35.6) male

  • 12 (20.3) had secondary education (vocational)

  • 8 (13.6) had secondary education (academic)

  • 11 (18.6) had further education (vocational)

  • 20 (33.9) had higher education (vocational)

  • 8 (13.6) had higher education (academic)

  • Not reported
Breebaart and van Groenou [57], Netherlands 7 1 (14.3%) middle-aged, 1 (14.3%) aged between 60 and 65, and 5 (71.4%) aged ≥70

  • 3 (42.9) female

  • 3 (42.9) male

  • 1 (14.3) not specified

  • 4 (57.1) had low education

  • 2 (28.6) had average education

  • 1 (14.3) did not specify

  • Not reported
Brown et al [58], United States 11 Mean 56.6 (SD 13.6)

  • 9 (81.8) female

  • 2 (18.2) male

  • Not reported

  • 3 (27.3%) White

  • 7 (63.6%) African American

  • 1 (9.1%) Hispanic

  • 1 (9.1) other
Callan et al [38], United States 27 Mean 74.61 (SD 6.52)

  • 22 (81.5) female

  • 5 (18.5) male

  • 11 (40.7) had middle school to technical school education

  • 14 (51.9) had some college to college graduate education

  • 2 (7.4) had some postgraduate to postgraduate degree

  • 26 (96.3) White
Dam et al [59], Netherlands 10 Range 49-71

  • 6 (60) female

  • 4 (40 male)

  • Not reported

  • Not reported
Davis et al [43], United States 4 Mean 52

  • 4 (100) female

  • Not reported

  • Not reported
Davis et al [63], United States 3 Range 54-85

  • 3 (100) female

  • 2 (66.7) attended college

  • 1 (33.3) had a master’s degree

  • 3 (100) White
Garvelink et al [49], Canada and France 10 Mean 56.9 (SD 14)

  • 6 (60) female

  • 4 (40) male

  • 10 (100) had a university degree

  • Not reported
Hastings et al [45], United States 40 Mean 64.7 (SD 10.8)

  • 40 (100) female

  • Not reported

  • 11 (27.5) Black
Hughes et al [50], United States 10 Mean 60 (range 48-76)

  • 10 (100) female

  • 10 (100) had high school education

  • 9 (90) had higher education

  • Not reported
Kales et al [46], United States 57 Mean 65.9 (SD 14.0)

  • 43 (75.4) female

  • 14 (24.6) male

  • 48 (84.2) had greater than high school education

  • 9 (15.8) had high school or GEDa

  • 36 (63.2) White

  • 18 (31.6) African American

  • 3 (5.3) other
Killin et al [51] [51], Scotland 10 Not reported

  • Not reported

  • Not reported

  • Not reported
Lai et al [44], Hong Kong, China 60 Experimental group mean 72.43 (SD 0.80, range 66-82); control group mean 71.83 (SD 0.80, range 66-82)

  • 35 (58.3) female

  • 25 (41.7) male

  • Experimental group: 7.90 (SD 0.25, range 5-11) years of education

  • Control group: 7.04 (SD 0.31, range 5-9) years of education

  • Not reported
Lai et al [39], Germany 24 Mean 62.4 y (SD 16.0, range 31-83)

  • 9 (37.5) female

  • 15 (62.5) male

  • 11 (45.8) had >12 years of education

  • Not reported
Park et al [64], South Korea 24 Experimental group mean 54.50 (SD 3.71); control group mean 61.00 (SD 6.42)

  • 14 (58.3) female

  • 10 (41.7) male

  • 15 (62.5) were high school graduates or below

  • 9 (37.5) were college graduates or above

  • Not reported
Ptomey et al [47], United States 9 Mean 67

  • 3 (33.3) female

  • 6 (66.7) male

  • 3 (33.3) had high school diploma or GED

  • 6 (67.6) attended postgraduate classes

  • 8 (88.9) White

  • 1 (11.1) Black
Quinn et al [48], United States 12 Mean 54.8 (SD 13.3)

  • 11 (91.7) female

  • 1 (8.3) male

  • 6 (50) had a business or some college degree or graduate degree

  • 6 (50) graduated school

  • 6 (50) Black

  • 6 (50) White
Rathnayake et al [52], Australia 10 8 (80%) aged <65; 2 (20%) aged ≥65

  • 9 (90) female

  • 1 (10) male

  • 5 (50) had high school education and below

  • 5 (50) had above high school education

  • Not reported
Ruggiano et al [53], United States 36 Mean 65.7 (range 42-89)

  • 26 (72.2) female

  • 10 (27.8) male

  • Not reported

  • 13 (36.1) non-Hispanic White

  • 23 (63.9) African American
Ryan et al [54], United Kingdom 17 Mean 69.1 (SD 15.1, range 31-91)

  • 13 (76.5) female

  • 4 (23.5) male

  • Not reported

  • Not reported
Salin and Laaksonen [40], Finland 20 Range 61-88

  • 15 (75) female

  • 5 (25) male

  • Not reported

  • Not reported
Sikder et al [60], United States 17 Mean 66.52 (SD 9.61)

  • 12 (70.6) female

  • 5 (29.4) male

  • Not reported

  • 17 (100) White
Sourbeer et al [41], United States 46 42 (91.3%) aged >60; 4 (8.7%) aged <60

  • 38 (82.6) female

  • 8 (17.4) male

  • Not reported

  • 39 (84.8) White

  • 6 (13.0) African American

  • 1 (2.2) Hispanic
Span et al [55], Netherlands 12 Mean 54.3 (range 19-86)

  • 7 (58.3) female

  • 5 (41.7) male

  • 1 (8.3) had low education

  • 4 (33.3) had medium education

  • 6 (50) had high education

  • 1 (8.2) did not specify

  • Not reported
Stutzel et al [61], Brazil 38 Mean 61 (SD 10.75)

  • 32 (84.2) female

  • 6 (15.8) male

  • 21 (55.3) had ≤12 years of education

  • 17 (44.7) had >12 years of education

  • Not reported
Tyack et al [62], United Kingdom 12 Mean 66 (range 48-77)

  • 10 (83.3) female

  • 2 (16.7) male

  • Not reported

  • 12 (100) White
Watcharasarnsap et al [42], Thailand 60 8 (13.3%) aged between 18 and 27, 19 (31.7%) aged between 28 and 37, 15 (25%) aged between 38 and 47, 10 (16.7%) aged between 48 and 57, and 8 (13.3%) aged ≥58

  • 31 (51.7) female

  • 29 (48.3) male

  • Not reported

  • Not reported

aGED: General Educational Development.