Table 2.

Different drugs linked with gut microbial dysbiosis

Drug	Type of drug	Effect on gut microbiota	References
Metformin	Anti-diabetic drug	Increased SCFA-producing gut bacteria such as Butyrivibrio, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Megasphaera	[148]
Metformin	Anti-diabetic drug	Increased abundance of mucin-degrading gut bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila	[148]
Metformin	Anti-diabetic drug	Decreased abundance of Bacteroides fragilis	[149]
Metformin	Anti-diabetic drug	Increased abundance of Escherichia species	[148]
Metformin	Anti-diabetic drug	Significant decrease in microbial richness	[43]
Metformin	Anti-diabetic drug	Reduced abundance of Faecalibacterium in Indian and Danish subjects	[43]
Vildagliptin	Anti-diabetic drug	Reduced abundance of Oscillibacter species and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus species	[150]
Dapagliflozin	Anti-diabetic drug	Reduced Firmicutes: bacteriodetes ratio	[151]
Indomethacin	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Increased Firmicutes: bacteriodetes ratio	[152]
Aspirin	NSAID	Shift in gut microbial composition regarding Prevotella, Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae, and Barnesiella	[153]
Celecoxib and Ibuprofen	NSAID	Increased abundance of Acidaminococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae	[153]
Ibuprofen	NSAID	Enrichment in Propionibacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Puniceicoccaceae, and Rikenellaceae species	[153]