Table 2. Univariate analysis of risk factors for developing organising pneumonia among hospitalised COVID-19 patients.
AHT - arterial hypertension, ALT - alanine transaminase, AST - aspartate transaminase, COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP - C-reactive protein, DM - diabetes mellitus, ICU - intensive care unit, IL-6 - Interleukin-6, LDH - lactate dehydrogenase, N-to-L Ratio - neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, O2 - oxygen, OP - organising pneumonia, OSCI - Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement, Sup. - supplementary, Sx. - Symptoms, TLC - total leukocyte count
| Total n = 115 | Organising Pneumonia | P-value | |||
| Yes (n = 48) | No (n = 67) | ||||
| Sex | Female | 42 (36.5%) | 13 (27%) | 29 (43%) | 0.075 |
| Male | 73 (63.5%) | 35 (73%) | 38 (57%) | ||
| Age (years) | 67.86 (12.96) | 68.0 (11.2) | 67.7 (14.2) | 0.888 | |
| Frailty Score ≥4 | 29 (25.2%) | 6 (12.1%) | 23 (34.3%) | 0.008 | |
| COPD | 16 (13.9%) | 6 (13%) | 10 (15%) | 0.711 | |
| DM | 37 (32.2%) | 17 (35%) | 20 (30%) | 0.529 | |
| AHT | 66 (57.4%) | 27 (56%) | 39 (58%) | 0.834 | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 56 (48.7%) | 26 (54%) | 30 (45%) | 0.320 | |
| Any cardiopathy | 26 (22.6%) | 6 (13%) | 20 (30%) | 0.028 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 12 (10.4%) | 1 (2%) | 11 (16%) | 0.013 | |
| Obesity | 30 (26.1%) | 13 (27%) | 17 (25%) | 0.837 | |
| Autoimmune disease | 5 (4.3%) | 2 (4%) | 3 (4%) | 1.000 | |
| Smoking habits | 24 (20.9%) | 9 (19%) | 15 (22%) | 0.636 | |
| Supplementary O2 | 100 (87.0%) | 46 (95.8%) | 53 (79%) | <0.001 | |
| Duration of Sup. O2 (days) | 11 (6; 18.5) | 16 (10; 25) | 7 (5; 14) | <0.001 | |
| Sup. O2 (7th day of Sx.) | 47 (40.9%) | 23 (48%) | 24 (36%) | 0.193 | |
| Sup. O2 (14th day of Sx.) | 69 (60.0%) | 38 (79%) | 31 (46%) | <0.001 | |
| Sup. O2 (21st day of Sx.) | 43 (37.4%) | 29 (60%) | 14 (21%) | <0.001 | |
| Worst OSCI | ≤3 | 16 (13.9%) | 2 (4.2%) | 14 (20.9%) | Ref. |
| 4 | 61 (53.0%) | 29 (60.4%) | 32 (47.8%) | 0.032 | |
| ≥5 | 38 (33.0%) | 17 (35.4%) | 21 (31.3%) | 0.065* | |
| Day of Symptoms when CT-scan | <14 | 55 (47.8%) | 15 (31.2%) | 40 (59.7%) | 0.003 |
| ≥14 | 60 (52.2%) | 33 (68.8%) | 27 (40.3%) | ||
| ICU admission | 29 (25.2%) | 17 (35%) | 12 (18%) | 0.033 | |
| Remdesivir | 13 (11.3%) | 7 (15%) | 6 (9%) | 0.347 | |
| Dexamethasone | 95 (82.6%) | 46 (96%) | 49 (73%) | 0.002 | |
| TLC (per µL) (n=115) | 6420 (5010; 6420) | 6635 (5302; 10267) | 6060 (4580; 9010) | 0.234 | |
| N-to-L Ratio | 5.74 (3.32; 8.51) | 6.01 (4.65; 9.46) | 5.67 (2.84; 8.01) | 0.567 | |
| Platelets (x103/µL) (n=115) | 229 (94) | 230 (82.9) | 229 (102) | 0.932 | |
| CRP (mg/dL) (n=115) | 8.62 (3.57; 8.62) | 10.9 (6.60; 19.0) | 5.46 (2.6; 8.6) | <0.001 | |
| IL-6 (pg/dL) (n=52) | 22.1 (11.1; 68.8) | 22.3 (11.1; 103.0) | 19.0 (10.6; 56.8) | 0.402 | |
| Ferritin (mcg/L) (n=114) | 1011 (526; 1540) | 1404 (685; 1929) | 705 (400.5; 1282) | <0.001 | |
| Procalcitonin (mcg/L) (n=106) | 0.12 (0.05; 0.36) | 0.19 (0.07; 0.67) | 0.09 (0.05;0.22) | 0.019 | |
| LDH (U/L) (n=114) | 319 (246; 395) | 359 (285; 442) | 292 (207; 363) | 0.002 | |
| Troponin T (ng/mL) (n=95) | 14 (8; 28) | 10 (8; 25.5) | 16.5 (9; 31.5) | 0.231 | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) (n=115) | 0.80 (0.65; 1.14) | 0.81 (0.68; 1.13) | 0.80 (0.61; 1.16) | 0.642 | |
| Creatinine Kinase (U/L) (n= 97) | 91 (53; 136) | 98 (55.8; 133.5) | 80 (51.0; 145.0) | 0.980 | |
| AST (U/L) (n=114) | 28 (18; 49) | 38 (28.5; 52.75) | 29.5 (21.0; 37.8) | 0.003 | |
| ALT (U/L) (n=113) | 31 (23; 47) | 31 (21.0; 53.8) | 27 (15.0; 47.0) | 0.178 | |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) (n=108) | 586 (150) | 570 (157) | 589 (141) | 0.057 | |
| D-Dimer (mcg/mL) (n=112) | 1.31 (0.81; 2.53) | 1.56 (0.84; 2.53) | 1.19 (0.76; 2.57) | 0.221 | |
| Length of stay (days) | 14.00 (7; 14) | 19.5 (11; 31) | 10 (6; 18) | 0.002 | |
| Readmittance in 180 days | 13 (11.3%) | 4 (8%) | 9 (13%) | 0.394 | |
| Death by day 30 | 18 (15.7%) | 5 (10%) | 13 (19%) | 0.191 | |
| Death by day 180 | 20 (17.4%) | 6 (13%) | 14 (21%) | 0.241 | |
| Treatment for OP | 18 (15.7%) | 18 (38%) | 0 | NA | |
| *p = 0.965 when OSCI ≥ 5 compared to OSCI 4 | |||||