Table 3.

Outcome measures and type of impact reported in included studies

Target group	Outcome measures	Type of impact reported in included studies (n, %) References			Total studies (n, %)
		Positive (all reported outcomes improved)	Mixed (some reported outcomes improved)	No change (no outcomes improved)
Patient/family	Patient outcomes (e.g., reduced cholesterol)	3, 2.5% [57, 66, 99]	---	---	3, 2.5%
	Behavior (e.g., medication adherence)	2, 1.7% [75, 102]	---	1, 0.8% [69]	3, 2.5%
	Multiple outcomes	1, 0.8% [147]	1, 0.8% [130]	1, 0.8% [116]	3, 2.5%
Healthcare professional	Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs	3, 2.5% [81, 126, 137]	1, 0.8% [145]		4, 3.4%
	Behavior (e.g., medication prescribing)	35, 29.7% [42, 46, 48–51, 54, 55, 59, 63, 71, 80, 82, 100, 103, 108–110, 112, 113, 115, 119, 125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 136, 138, 140, 144, 146, 153, 154, 157]	13, 11% [45, 53, 77, 79, 86, 94, 97, 105, 107, 124, 129, 134, 150]	12, 10.2% [47, 58, 65, 67, 91–93, 96, 101, 114, 118, 151]	60, 50.8%
	Institutional/health system outcomes (e.g., reduced mortality or length of hospital stay)	---	---	1, 0.8% [84]	1, 0.8%
	Multiple outcomes	12, 10.2% [56, 61, 62, 73, 74, 117, 121, 135, 139, 148, 149, 159]	2, 1.7% [44, 52]	1, 0.8% [88]	15, 12.7%
Both patient/family and healthcare professionals	Multiple outcomes	10, 8.5% [76, 78, 83, 87, 120, 122, 131, 141, 142, 158]	14, 11.9% [43, 60, 64, 68, 70, 72, 85, 90, 98, 104, 111, 152, 155, 156]	5, 4.2% [89, 95, 106, 123, 143]	29, 24.6%
	Total	66, 55.9%	31, 26.3%	21, 17.8%	118, 100%