Fig. 2.

Neuroinflammation after brain stroke. Under ischemic conditions, glial cells can acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype and release pro-inflammatory factors leading to neurological defects. Also, the activation of leukocytes leads to the release of pro-inflammatory factors, and injury of endothelium within the BBB, resulting in the propagation of inflammation into CNS parenchyma. The induction of adhesion molecules like P- and E-selectins can recruit and attach tightly leukocytes to the endothelial layer. These features can promote the formation of perivascular cuffing that can exacerbate inflammatory symptoms and increase stroke damage