Table 2.

Diagnostic effect of exosomes in stroke patients

Exosome	miRNA	The role	Mechanism	Reference
Exo in the serum of acute ischemic stroke patients 24 h after stroke	miRNA-134	Diagnosis and prognosis of stroke	Enhancing of serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) and plasma high-sensitivity C relative protein (hs-CRP) expression	[170]
Exo in human circulating blood with acute ischemic stroke patients 72 h after stroke	miRNA-223	Diagnosis and prognosis of stroke	Correlation with acute ischemic stroke occurrence, stroke severity, and short-term outcomes	[171]
Exo in the serum of acute ischemic stroke patients	miRNA-9 and miRNA-124	Diagnosis and prognosis of stroke	A positive correlation between both miR-9 and miR-124 levels with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, infarct size, and concentrations of IL-6 in the serum	[172]
The plasma-derived Exo in patients with different phases of ischemic stroke	miRNA-21-5p	A biomarker to Diagnosis and identifies in early-stage of ischemic stroke	The plasma exosomal miR-21-5p levels are significantly higher in patients than in the control group	[173]
The plasma-derived Exo in patients with acute phase and subacute phase of ischemic stroke	miR-422a and miR-125b-2-3p	A blood-based reference for monitoring and diagnosing patients with ischemic stroke	Decreasing plasma exosomal miRNA-422a and miR-125b-2-3p expression in the subacute phase group and increasing miRNA-422a levels in the acute phase group rather than in the control group and reduction of plasma exosomal miR-422a and miR-125b-2-3p expression in the subacute phase group than in the acute phase group	[174]