Table 3.
Comparison of outcome variables of older adults between intervention and control groups at different time points
| Dimensions | Group (n) | T0 (Mean ± SD) | T1 (Mean ± SD) | Between groups F(p) | Within group F(p) | Interaction effect F(p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANOVA analysisa | Total score | Intervention (29) | 40.52 ± 14.20 | 56.17 ± 8.13 | 3.554 (0.065) | 159.714 (< 0.001) | 0.002 (0.964) |
| (range of scores:0 ~ 68) | Control (30) | 35.73 ± 11.31 | 51.50 ± 8.22 | ||||
| Physiology and disease | Intervention (29) | 12.55 ± 4.63 | 14.55 ± 2.84 | 0.004 (0.949) | 31.214 (< 0.001) | 2.098 (0.153) | |
| (range of scores:0 ~ 19) | Control (30) | 11.80 ± 4.02 | 15.20 ± 2.67 | ||||
| Drug application | Intervention (29) | 1.72 ± 2.25 | 5.76 ± 2.15 | 3.279 (0.075) | 82.481 (< 0.001) | 6.811 (0.012) | |
| (range of scores:0 ~ 8) | Control (30) | 1.80 ± 2.06 | 4.03 ± 2.31 | ||||
| Mental, cognitive, and spiritual well-being | Intervention (29) | 6.59 ± 3.21 | 8.86 ± 2.39 | 2.014 (0.161) | 63.205 (< 0.001) | 6.262 (0.015) | |
| (range of scores:0 ~ 12) | Control (30) | 4.80 ± 2.44 | 9.17 ± 2.12 | ||||
| Lifestyle | Intervention (29) | 5.17 ± 1.83 | 7.24 ± 0.91 | 3.152 (0.081) | 67.607 (< 0.001) | 1.495 (0.227) | |
| (range of scores:0 ~ 8) | Control (30) | 4.87 ± 1.63 | 6.40 ± 1.45 | ||||
| House environment | Intervention (29) | 14.48 ± 4.86 | 19.76 ± 1.96 | 9.381 (0.003) | 83.231 (< 0.001) | 1.000 (0.321) | |
| (range of scores:0 ~ 21) | Control (30) | 12.47 ± 4.45 | 16.70 ± 3.04 | ||||
| Dimensions | Group (n) | T0 (t,p) | T1 (t,p) | ||||
| Comparison between groupsb | Total score | Intervention (29) | 1.433, 0.157 | 2.194, 0.032 | |||
| Control (30) | |||||||
| Physiology and disease | Intervention (29) | 0.667, 0.508 | −0.904, 0.370 | ||||
| Control (30) | |||||||
| Drug application | Intervention (29) | −0.135, 0.893 | 2.967, 0.004 | ||||
| Control (30) | |||||||
| Mental, cognitive, and spiritual well-being | Intervention (29) | 2.410, 0.019 | −0.519, 0.606 | ||||
| Control (30) | |||||||
| Lifestyle | Intervention (29) | 0.677, 0.501 | 2.653, 0.010 | ||||
| Control (30) | |||||||
| House environment | Intervention (29) | 1.663, 0.102 | 4.575, < 0.001 | ||||
| Control (30) | |||||||
| Dimensions | Group (n) | T0 vs T1 (t,p) | |||||
| Comparison within groupsc | Total score | Intervention (29) | −8.344, < 0.001 | ||||
| Control (30) | −9.619, < 0.001 | ||||||
| Physiology and disease | Intervention (29) | −2.857, 0.008 | |||||
| Control (30) | −5.096, < 0.001 | ||||||
| Drug application | Intervention (29) | −8.499, < 0.001 | |||||
| Control (30) | −4.468, < 0.001 | ||||||
| Mental, cognitive, and spiritual well-being | Intervention (29) | −3.448, 0.002 | |||||
| Control (30) | −8.438, < 0.001 | ||||||
| Lifestyle | Intervention (29) | −6.955, < 0.001 | |||||
| Control (30) | −4.782, < 0.001 | ||||||
| House environment | Intervention (29) | −7.202, < 0.001 | |||||
| Control (30) | −5.715, < 0.001 |
SD Standard deviation
aThe outcomes were based on two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measures
bThe outcomes were analysed using independent-samples T test
cThe outcomes were analysed using paired-samples T test