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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cancer. 2022 Jan 3;22(3):143–155. doi: 10.1038/s41568-021-00423-4

Figure 1 ∣. Overall established scheme relating smokeless tobacco use and cigarette smoking, as driven by nicotine addiction, to cancer.

Figure 1 ∣

Long term use of tobacco products results in continuous exposure to carcinogens, formation of DNA adducts, and multiple mutations in critical cancer control genes.1,2 Biomarkers and mutational signatures can elucidate each step.