Table 1.
Characteristics of participants wearing the accelerometer: Total sample divided into those who received structured education and those who did not. Values expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or number (n) (%). aMann-Whitney test; bStudent’s t test; cPearson’s chi-square test. Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. *Measures taken during the week of PA monitoring
| Participants characteristics | No structured education (n = 20) | Structured education (n = 52) | Total sample (n = 72) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 40 (IQR 24.7–58.3) | 39 (IQR 31.7–45.7) | 39 (IQR 30.5–47.7) | 0.683a |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 19.1 ± 12.31 | 17.5 ± 11.39 | 18 ± 11.58 | 0.606b |
| Diabetes treatment | ||||
| - MDI, n (%) | 13 (65) | 31 (60) | 44 (61) | 0.675c |
| - Insulin pump, n (%) | 7 (35) | 21 (40) | 28 (39) | |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | 5 (25) | 10 (19) | 15 (21) | 0.589c |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 26 (IQR 23.9–30.6) | 26 (IQR 23.1–29.9) | 26 (IQR 23.2–30.2) | 0.920a |
| - Overweight, n (%) (BMI = 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 5 (25) | 16 (31) | 21 (29) | 0.689c |
| - Obese, n (%) (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 7 (35) | 13 (25) | 20 (28) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89 (IQR 81.2–105.0) | 84 (IQR 77.4–95.2) | 86 (IQR 78.3–95.6) | 0.165a |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 100 (IQR 95.0–112.5) | 99 (IQR 96.1–106.9) | 100 (IQR 95.7–108.4) | 0.933a |
| Body fat (%) | 26 (IQR 21.5–33.8) | 29 (IQR 22.9–34.8) | 28 (IQR 22.6–34.4) | 0.342a |
| Fat mass (kg) | 20 (IQR 16.4–24.6) | 20 (IQR 17.2–27.6) | 20 (IQR 16.7–27.3) | 0.646a |
| HbA1C (%)/(mmol/mol) | 8.4 ± 1.14/68.5 ± 12.62 | 7.9 ± 1.32/68.5 ± 12.62 | 8 ± 1.28/68.5 ± 12.62 | 0.132/0.133b |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.6 ± 1.01 | 4.6 ± .68 | 4.6 ± .78 | 0.713b |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 2.4 ± .94 | 2.4 ± .68 | 2.4 ± .75 | 0.944b |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.6 ± .38 | 1.7 ± .46 | 1.7 ± .44 | 0.239b |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1 (IQR .8–1.3) | 1 (IQR .6–1.1) | 1 (IQR .7–1.2) | 0.149a |
| Hypertension requiring treatment, n (%) | 6 (30) | 11 (21) | 17 (24) | 0.429c |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 7 (35) | 20 (38) | 27 (38) | 0.786c |
| Total insulin (units) | 52 (IQR 40.8–59.9) | 42 (IQR 32.1–59.4) | 44 (IQR 32.7–59.4) | 0.373a |
| - Basal | 29 (IQR 22.0–35.0) | 20 (IQR 16.0–28.0) | 23 (IQR 16.7–30.1) | 0.040a |
| - Bolus | 22 (IQR 15.8–26.3) | 22 (IQR 15.5–27.6) | 22 (IQR 15.5–27.6) | 0.875a |
| Number of boluses per day* | 3 (IQR 2.9–3.4) | 4 (IQR 3.0–4.3) | 3 (IQR 3.0–4.1) | 0.011a |
| Blood glucose variability (mmol/L)* | 4.1 ± 1.17 | 3.9 ± 1.35 | 3.9 ± 1.30 | 0.548b |
| Average number of BG tests per day* | 4 (IQR 3.6–6.0) | 5 (IQR 4.0–7.6) | 5 (IQR 3.7–6.9) | 0.091a |
| Number of hypoglycaemic episodes* | 3 (IQR 2.0–5.0) | 3 (IQR 1.0–6.0) | 3 (IQR 1.0–5.5) | 0.720a |