Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted multivariate regression models for associations between the frequency of (times/d) and energy from (kcal/d) daily snack food intake (sweet and salty snack foods^a and commercial baby snack foods^b) with overconsumed nutrients and child WFL^c z-scores (n = 141).

	Unadjusted Models			Adjusted Models d
	Be	SEf	P value	Be	SEf	P value
Overconsumed nutrients
Frequency of sweet and salty snack foods (times/d)
Added sugars (g/d)	3.31	1.49	0.03	3.20	1.37	0.02
Sodium (mg/d)	379.55	53.57	< 0.0001	282.96	50.88	< 0.0001
Saturated fats (g/d)	1.45	0.54	0.008	1.22	0.59	0.04
Energy from sweet and salty snack foods (kcal/d)
Added sugars (g/d)	0.03	0.02	0.07	0.03	0.01	0.04
Sodium (mg/d)	4.26	0.55	< 0.0001	3.26	0.53	< 0.0001
Saturated fats (g/d)	0.02	0.001	0.001	0.02	0.006	0.001
Frequency of commercial baby snack foods (times/d)
Added sugars (g/d)	0.85	1.32	0.52	−0.32	1.20	0.79
Sodium (mg/d)	−151.58	52.89	0.001	−97.65	47.70	0.04
Saturated fats (g/d)	−1.32	0.47	0.001	−1.19	0.50	0.02
Energy from commercial baby snack foods (kcal/d)
Added sugars (g/d)	0.02	0.02	0.38	0.01	0.02	0.55
Sodium (mg/d)	0.10	0.85	0.91	−0.83	0.71	0.25
Saturated fats (g/d)	−0.001	0.01	0.99	0.002	0.01	0.77
Child WFL z-scores
Frequency of sweet and salty snack foods/d	0.17	0.11	0.10	0.25	0.11	0.02
Energy from sweet and salty snack foods (kcal/d)	0.001	0.01	0.86	0.009	0.01	0.42
Frequency of commercial baby snack foods/d	−0.06	0.09	0.53	−0.04	0.10	0.66
Energy from commercial baby snack foods (kcal/d)	0.002	0.01	0.18	0.001	0.01	0.07

^aIncludes only sweet and salty snack foods (e.g., chips, crackers, cakes, cookies).

^bIncludes only commercial baby snack foods (e.g., puffs, melts, baby cookies).

^cWFL, weight-for-length

^dModels adjusted for caregiver’s prepregnancy BMI and education, as well as child age, sex, birthweight, breastfeeding duration, and age of solid foods introduction.

^eB, beta coefficient (defined as the degree of change in the outcome variable for every 1-unit of change in the explanatory variable)

^fSE, standard error