Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence intervals, 95% CI) of incident hypertension with tertile changes and per doubling in serum concentrations of PFAS.
| PFAS | Tertile of PFAS concentrations | p value for trend |
Per doubling increase HR (95%CI) |
p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 HR (95%CI) |
Tertile 2 HR (95%CI) |
Tertile 3 HR (95%CI) |
||||
| PFOS | ||||||
| Median (IQR), ng/mL | 14.5 (11.6, 17.1) | 24.0 (21.8, 27.2) | 41.9 (34.8, 53.9) | |||
| No. cases/person-years | 133/4212 | 156/4009 | 181/3501 | |||
| Model 1* | Ref | 1.23 (1.03, 1.46) | 1.54 (1.31, 1.82) | <0.0001 | 1.21 (1.13, 1.31) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2† | Ref | 1.11 (0.93, 1.33) | 1.42 (1.19, 1.68) | <0.0001 | 1.18 (1.09, 1.28) | <0.0001 |
| n-PFOS | ||||||
| Median (IQR), ng/mL | 10.5 (8.3, 12.2) | 17.2 (15.7, 19.0) | 28.6 (24.2, 37.6) | |||
| No. cases/person-years | 133/4096 | 152/4166 | 185/3460 | |||
| Model 1* | Ref | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | 1.50 (1.27, 1.77) | <0.0001 | 1.20 (1.11, 1.30) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2† | Ref | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 1.40 (1.18, 1.66) | <0.0001 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.27) | 0.0002 |
| Sm-PFOS | ||||||
| Median (IQR), ng/mL | 3.9 (2.9, 4.6) | 7.1 (6.2, 8.1) | 13.1 (10.7, 17.2) | |||
| No. cases/person-years | 133/4202 | 156/3867 | 181/3653 | |||
| Model 1* | Ref | 1.24 (1.05, 1.48) | 1.63 (1.37, 1.92) | <0.0001 | 1.19 (1.11, 1.28) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2† | Ref | 1.14 (0.95, 1.36) | 1.49 (1.25, 1.78) | <0.0001 | 1.16 (1.08, 1.25) | <0.0001 |
| n-PFOA | ||||||
| Median (IQR), ng/mL | 2.4 (1.9, 2.9) | 4.1 (3.7, 4.5) | 6.8 (5.8, 8.9) | |||
| No. cases/person-years | 141/4103 | 150/3900 | 179/3719 | |||
| Model 1* | Ref | 1.34 (1.13, 1.59) | 1.52 (1.29, 1.80) | <0.0001 | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2† | Ref | 1.37 (1.15, 1.63) | 1.47 (1.24, 1.75) | <0.0001 | 1.17 (1.07, 1.27) | 0.0005 |
| PFNA | ||||||
| Median (IQR), ng/mL | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | |||
| No. cases/person-years | 138/3708 | 188/4796 | 144/3218 | |||
| Model 1* | Ref | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) | 0.53 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 0.17 |
| Model 2† | Ref | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.19) | 0.97 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 0.24 |
| PFHxS | ||||||
| Median (IQR), ng/mL | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 3.2 (2.4, 4.8) | |||
| No. cases/person-years | 150/3854 | 149/4005 | 171/3863 | |||
| Model 1* | Ref | 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 0.37 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.71 |
| Model 2† | Ref | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.25) | 0.38 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.56 |
| EtFOSAA | ||||||
| Median (IQR), ng/mL | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) | 3.0 (2.3, 4.7) | |||
| No. cases/person-years | 127/4136 | 164/3996 | 179/3590 | |||
| Model 1* | Ref | 1.47 (1.24, 1.76) | 1.57 (1.32, 1.87) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (1.07, 1.18) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2† | Ref | 1.39 (1.16, 1.66) | 1.42 (1.19, 1.70) | 0.0003 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15) | 0.0005 |
| MeFOSAA | ||||||
| Median (IQR), ng/mL | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.6) | |||
| No. cases/person-years | 134/4016 | 149/4027 | 187/3679 | |||
| Model 1* | Ref | 0.96 (0.81, 1.15) | 1.24 (1.04, 1.48) | 0.006 | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) | 0.0004 |
| Model 2† | Ref | 0.91 (0.76, 1.09) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | 0.06 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.19) | 0.009 |
Model 1 was adjusted for race/ethnicity and study site with inverse probability weight.
Model 2: Model 1 + education, financial strain, smoking status, environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol consumption, total calorie intake, and menopausal status with inverse probability weight.
HRs (95% CIs) were computed from Cox proportional hazards model with age as the time scale.
Abbreviations: PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; EtFOSAA, 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; MeFOSAA, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate.