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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 20.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2022 May 17;110(14):2334–2350.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.031

Figure 5. Inactivation of VIP-INs in naive animals increases SOM-IN activity and impairs motor learning.

Figure 5.

(A) Schematic of injections to selectively express hM4Di (or mCherry in controls) in VIP-INs and GCaMP6f in SOM-INs in the right M1. Scale bar, 100 μm.

(B) Activity of SOM-INs at the naive stage aligned to the movement onset (619 neurons from 11 animals in the mCherry group, 559 neurons from 11 animals in the hM4Di group). Each row represents the activity averaged across trials of individual neurons, sorted according to their activity level during movements.

(C) Averaged activity of SOM-INs in mCherry and hM4Di groups aligned to the movement onset (mean ± SEM).

(D) Activity during movements averaged across SOM-INs in mCherry and hM4Di groups (p = 0.0186, mixed-effects model, mean ± SEM).

(E) Distribution of the activity level of SOM-INs during movements in mCherry and hM4Di groups. Note the rightward shift of the hM4Di group compared to the mCherry group.

(F) Behavior performance of naive animals in mCherry and hM4Di groups in CNO sessions (mixed-effects model, n (hM4Di) = n (mCherry) = 11 mice, 2 sessions per animal, mean ± SEM). Circles represent behavioral measurements of individual sessions.

(G) Behavioral performance in the first 10 trials in the first session after the CNO sessions (mixed-effects model, 11 animals in each group). Circles represent behavioral measurements of individual animals. See also Figure S5.