Table 2.
Observed Baseline, Observed 12-month cognitive scores and skewness, p values and Effect Sizes, and r values for the development sample of robustly cognitively intact participants.
| Observed Baseline Mean (SD) | Observed Baseline Skew | Observed 12-month Mean (SD) | Observed 12-month Skew | p value | Effect Size | r12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAVLT | |||||||
| Total Recall | 45.30 (9.8) | 0.04 | 45.54 (10.3) | 0.35 | .68 | −.03 | .69 |
| Delayed Recall | 7.82 (3.8) | −0.15 | 7.98 (3.9) | −0.20 | .52 | −.05 | .59 |
| Logical Memory | |||||||
| Immediate Recall | 14.09 (3.3) | −0.02 | 15.11 (3.5) | −0.31 | <.001 | −.31 | .54 |
| Delayed Recall | 13.24 (3.3) | 0.38 | 13.73 (4.1) | −0.40 | .05 | −.15 | .60 |
| ADAS-Cog | 9.32 (4.2) | 0.44 | 8.94 (4.6) | 0.38 | .19 | .10 | .59 |
| Clock Drawing | 4.71 (0.5) | −1.65 | 4.68 (0.6) | −2.23 | .62 | .04 | .23 |
| Clock Copy | 4.85 (0.5) | −5.83 | 4.85 (0.4) | −2.34 | .99 | .00 | .20 |
| DS Forward | 8.99 (2.0) | −0.34 | 9.06 (2.1) | −0.13 | .72 | −.04 | .65 |
| DS Backward | 7.27 (2.1) | 0.06 | 7.27 (2.3) | 0.23 | .99 | .00 | .73 |
| Digit Symbol | 45.92 (9.3) | 0.28 | 46.91 (10.0) | 0.04 | .06 | −.20 | .87 |
| Animal Fluency | 20.87 (5.5) | 0.37 | 21.56 (5.4) | 0.42 | .04 | −.15 | .66 |
| Vegetable Fluency | 14.86 (4.1) | 0.20 | 14.99 (4.5) | 0.26 | .71 | −.04 | .70 |
| TMT-A | 34.01 (11.6) | 1.03 | 32.61 (10.0) | 1.20 | .03 | .16 | .69 |
| TMT-B | 82.65 (42.4) | 2.40 | 76.93 (36.9) | 2.31 | .05 | .15 | .51 |
| BNT | 28.40 (1.9) | −1.97 | 28.82 (1.6) | −1.75 | <.001 | −.31 | .70 |
| MMSE | 29.08 (1.1) | −1.73 | 28.97 (1.3) | −1.25 | .27 | .08 | .35 |
| MOCA | 25.79 (2.4) | −0.24 | 26.35 (2.5) | −0.23 | .02 | −.23 | .50 |
Note: RAVLT = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, ADAS-Cog = Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognition subscale, DS = Digit Span, TMT-A = Trail Making Test Part A, TMT-B = Trail Making Test Part B, BNT = Boston Naming Test, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, MOCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment. p value = significance of paired-samples t tests examining the difference between Observed Baseline and Observed 12-month performances. Effect Size = Cohen’s d values for paired samples t tests. r12 = bivariate correlation between Observed Baseline and Observed 12-month performances for each measure. All correlations greater than r = .23 were significant at p < .001.