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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 4.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2022 Jul 4;44(2):85–102. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2082386

Table 4.

Change from Observed Baseline and Observed 12-months for the validation and development samples of robustly cognitively intact participants.

Development Sample M12 – BL Δ Validation Sample M12 – BL Δ p value Effect Size
RAVLT
 Total Recall 0.24 (7.9) 0.46 (8.3) .79 −0.03
 Delayed Recall 0.16 (3.5) 0.44 (3.5) .43 −0.08
Logical Memory
 Immediate Recall 1.02 (3.3) 0.86 (3.0) .64 0.05
 Delayed Recall 0.50 (3.4) 0.32 (3.4) .62 0.05
ADAS-Cog −0.38 (4.0) −0.70 (3.5) .41 0.09
Clock Drawing −0.03 (0.7) −0.03 (0.7) .49 −0.07
Clock Copy 0.00 (0.6) −0.01 (0.5) .92 0.01
DS Forward 0.07 (1.7) −0.02 (1.4) .71 0.06
DS Backward 0.00 (1.7) 0.11 (2.0) .70 −0.06
Digit Symbol 0.99 (5.0) 1.60 (7.6) .52 −0.09
Animal Fluency 0.69 (4.5) 0.20 (4.4) .28 0.11
Vegetable Fluency 0.13 (3.4) −0.27 (3.6) .42 0.12
TMT-A −1.39 (8.6) −1.78 (10.4) .69 0.04
TMT-B −5.71 (39.4) −0.28 (35.9) .15 −0.15
BNT 0.42 (1.4) 0.53 (1.7) .51 −0.07
MMSE −0.11 (1.4) −0.07 (1.5 .83 −0.02
MOCA 0.56 (2.4) 0.19 (2.2) .27 0.16

Note: M12 = Observed 12-month score, BL = Observed Baseline score, Δ = Delta or change score, RAVLT = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, ADAS-Cog = Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognition subscale, DS = Digit Span, TMT-A = Trail Making Test Part A, TMT-B = Trail Making Test Part B, BNT = Boston Naming Test, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, MOCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment. p value = significance of independent samples t tests examining the difference between the M12 – BL Δ performances between groups. Effect Size = Cohen’s d values for independent samples t tests.