Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of consent models proposed for organoid research explained in the literature

Type of consent	Summary of the model	Advantages	Disadvantages
Specific consent and re-consent [59, 61, 62, 68]	Donors consent to the use of their tissue for a specific research project and are re-contacted to provide consent for each new potential future study that will be conducted with their tissue		Donors are re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample. Enable to engage the preferences of the donors
Tiered consent [59, 60, 66, 67]	Donors are presented with a list of specific research projects and given the opportunity to provide or withhold consent for specific uses of their tissue	Able to engage the preferences of the donors	Donors are re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample
Broad consent [30, 59, 61, 62, 67, 68]	Donors consent to a broad range of future research purposes, the specific details of which are unknown at the time of consent	Donors are not re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample	Enable to engage the preferences of the donors
Blanket consent [59]	Donors consent to the use of their samples for future research without restrictions	Donors are not re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample	Enable to engage the preferences of the donors
Opt-in [30, 59, 60]	Donors consent explicitly before their samples can be used for scientific research		Donors are re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample. Enable to engage the preferences of the donors
Opt-out [30, 59, 60]	Donor consent is implied, unless the donor explicit refuses to use their biomaterials	Donors are not re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample	Enable to engage the preferences of the donors
Governance consent [30, 59, 62, 68]	Donors consent to governance obligations in the organoid infrastructure to which they contribute. Donors do not exactly know in which studies their tissue will be used, but they do know how researchers will protect their privacy and interests	Able to engage the preferences of the donors. Donors are not re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample. Ongoing communicative (governance) process
Dynamic consent [59, 60, 62, 67]	Facilitates a two-way communication between donors and researchers through the use of digital interfaces	Able to engage the preferences of the donors. On-going communicative (governance) process	Donors are re-contacted for each scientific (re)use of their sample