Table 1.
Distribution of predictor variables in development and validation cohorts for model for prediction of AL. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers (percentages) of patients
| Factors | Internal validation cohort | Temporal validation cohort | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anastomotic Leakage n (%) |
Non- leakage n (%) |
leakage n (%) |
Non- leakage N (%) |
|
| Age (years) | 71.440 ± 7.524 | 65.760 ± 11.087 | 63.560 ± 11.260 | 55.70 ± 15.080 |
| BMI (Kg/m.2) | 23.175 ± 2.428 | 23.439 ± 11.326 | 22.823 ± 1.861 | 23.001 ± 3.568 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 33 (73.3) | 393 (57.9) | 11 (68.8) | 71 (60.2) |
| Female | 12 (26.7) | 286 (42.1) | 5 (31.2) | 47 (39.8) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 9 (20) | 119 (17.5) | 2 (12.5) | 18 (15.3) |
| No | 36 (80) | 560 (82.5) | 14 (87.5) | 100 (84.7) |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Yes | 8 (17.8) | 78 (11.5) | 2 (12.5) | 13 (11) |
| No | 37 (82.2) | 601 (88.5) | 14 (87.5) | 105 (89) |
| Abdominal operation | ||||
| Yes | 9 (20) | 162 (23.9) | 2 (12.5) | 35 (29.7) |
| No | 36 (80) | 517 (76.1) | 14 (87.5) | 83 (70.3) |
| T2DM | ||||
| Yes | 4 (8.9) | 67 (9.9) | 3 (18.8) | 12 (10.2) |
| No | 41 (91.1) | 612 (90.1) | 13 (81.2) | 106 (89.8) |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Yes | 2 (4.5) | 70 (10.3) | 1 (6.2) | 17 (14.4) |
| No | 43 (95.5) | 609 (89.7) | 15 (93.8) | 101 (85.6) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 11 (24.4) | 206 (30.3) | 5 (31.2) | 42(35.6) |
| No | 34 (75.6) | 473 (69.7) | 11 (68.8) | 76(64.4) |
| COPD | ||||
| Yes | 4 (8.9) | 41 (6) | 0 (0) | 15 (12.7) |
| No | 41 (91.1) | 638 (94) | 16 (100) | 103 (87.3) |
| Hepatitis | ||||
| Yes | 1 (2.2) | 23 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 6 (5.1) |
| No | 44 (97.8) | 656 (96.6) | 16 (100) | 112 (94.9) |
| Kidney disease | ||||
| Yes | 1 (2.2) | 16 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| No | 44 (97.8) | 663 (97.6) | 16 (100) | 118 (100) |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||
| Yes | 1 (2.2) | 15 (2.2) | 1 (6.2) | 1 (0.8) |
| No | 44 (97.8) | 664 (97.8) | 15 (93.8) | 117 (99.2) |
| Transfusion history | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 29 (4.3) | 5 (31.2) | 6 (5.1) |
| No | 45 (100) | 650 (95.7) | 11 (68.8) | 112 (94.9) |
| Bowel preparation | ||||
| Yes | 45 (100) | 678 (99.9) | 11 (68.8) | 111 (94.1) |
| No | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (31.2) | 7 (5.9) |
| Tumor location | ||||
| Rectum | 39 (86.6) | 421 (62) | 9 (56.2) | 35 (29.7) |
| Descending, sigmoid colon | 4 (8.9) | 119 (17.5) | 5 (31.2) | 38 (32.2) |
| Transverse colon | 2 (4.5) | 139 (20.5) | 2 (12.5) | 45 (38.1) |
| NRS2002 | ||||
| ≥3 | 32 (71.1) | 240 (35.3) | 10 (62.5) | 63 (53.4) |
| <3 | 13 (28.9) | 439 (64.7) | 6 (37.5) | 55 (46.6) |
| ASA score | ||||
| I | 16 (35.6) | 370 (54.5) | 10 (62.5) | 90 (76.3) |
| II | 24 (53.3) | 237 (34.9) | 6 (37.5) | 25 (21.2) |
| III | 5 (11.1) | 68 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.5) |
| IV | 0 (0) | 4 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| ECOG score | ||||
| 0 | 3 (6.7) | 182 (26.8) | 6 (37.5) | 17 (14.4) |
| 1 | 33 (73.3) | 282 (41.5) | 5 (31.2) | 84 (71.2) |
| 2 | 9 (20) | 185 (27.2) | 5 (31.2) | 14 (11.9) |
| 3 | 0 (0) | 29 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.5) |
| 4 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | ||||
| ≥90 | 24 (53.3) | 582 (85.7) | 4 (25) | 54 (45.8) |
| <90 | 21 (46.7) | 97 (14.3) | 12 (75) | 64 (54.2) |
| LCR | ||||
| >6000 | 4 (8.9) | 247 (36.4) | 4 (25) | 48 (40.7) |
| ≤6000 | 41(91.1) | 432 (63.6) | 12 (75) | 70 (59.3) |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 12.655 ± 6.215 | 11.502 ± 6.979 | 15.519 ± 8.833 | 14.184 ± 15.831 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 3.157 ± 1.579 | 2.788 ± 1.389 | 4.219 ± 2.746 | 4.222 ± 9.001 |
| ALT(IU/L) | 16.910 ± 9.434 | 17.160 ± 12.514 | 13.000 ± 4.967 | 21.013 ± 18.674 |
| AST(IU/L) | 17.240 ± 7.496 | 18.570 ± 8.353 | 20.750 ± 6.758 | 22.208 ± 11.497 |
| Prealbumin (g/L) | 0.181 ± 0.061 | 0.275 ± 1.539 | 0.145 ± 0.045 | 0.205 ± 0.061 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 38.284 ± 3.727 | 38.836 ± 4.637 | 36.825 ± 4.732 | 39.014 ± 4.210 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 4.983 ± 1.938 | 5.047 ± 2.196 | 4.763 ± 1.514 | 4.947 ± 1.745 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 79.091 ± 14.861 | 76.610 ± 30.066 | 64.310 ± 15.890 | 64.680 ± 15.343 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 296.969 ± 75.190 | 296.628 ± 88.906 | 311.38 ± 146.339 | 298.53 ± 82.366 |
| White blood count (109/L) | 6.407 ± 2.556 | 6.185 ± 2.090 | 6.631 ± 2.578 | 5.873 ± 2.198 |
| Neutrophil count (109/L) | 4.196 ± 2.471 | 3.885 ± 1.866 | 4.586 ± 2.213 | 3.621 ± 1.967 |
| Lymphocyte count (109/L) | 1.521 ± 0.627 | 1.635 ± 0.616 | 1.314 ± 0.633 | 1.595 ± 0.555 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 36.993 ± 5.241 | 36.601 ± 13.687 | 31.956 ± 5.247 | 36.132 ± 5.454 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 207.089 ± 84.087 | 215.507 ± 74.742 | 283.940 ± 115.738 | 226.810 ± 71.798 |
| APTT(s) | 33.133 ± 4.601 | 32.785 ± 4.035 | 29.431 ± 4.649 | 33.218 ± 3.219 |
| PT(s) | 11.127 ± 0.936 | 11.130 ± 1.064 | 11.775 ± 0.921 | 11.350 ± 0.952 |
| INR | 0.990 ± 0.779 | 0.983 ± 0.113 | 1.086 ± 0.086 | 1.734 ± 7.453 |
| C-reactive protein (ng/L) | 7.726 ± 5.245 | 3.996 ± 7.342 | 8.549 ± 2.966 | 5.230 ± 4.536 |
BMI body mass index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, NRS2002 Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, LCR Lymphocyte-C-reactive protein Ratio, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, APTT activated partial thromboplasin time, PT prothrombin time, INR international normalized ration