TABLE 1.

Predation rates and predator activity overlap of fawns and adult white‐tailed deer, Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, 2009–2019

Species	Fawn mortality rate	Adult mortality rate	Fawn risk weight	Adult risk weight	${\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }}}_4$ nursery groups	${\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }}}_4$ adult deer
American black bear	0.01	0.00	0.12	0.00	0.65 (0.64–0.65)	0.85 (0.85–0.86)
Bobcat	0.02	0.00	0.21	0.00	0.44 (0.43–0.46)	0.70 (0.69–0.71)
Coyote	0.04	<0.01	0.37	0.15	0.41 (0.40–0.42)	0.66 (0.65–0.66)
Wolf	0.01	0.01	0.08	0.46	0.61 (0.60–0.62)	0.86 (0.85–0.87)
Human	0.03	0.01	0.21	0.38	0.71 (0.71–0.72)	0.51 (0.51–0.51)

Note: Mortality rates reflect Aalen–Johannsen estimates for cumulative incidence of mortality by predator species for radio‐collared white‐tailed deer fawns (n = 230) and adult deer (n = 545) during 2009–2019. Risk weights were calculated as the proportion of identified predator and human‐caused mortality attributed to each predator species. Temporal overlap (${\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }}}_4$) reflects the circular kernel density overlap between diel activity of deer and predators with 95% confidence limits, derived from remote camera observations during 2017–2019.