Figure 4. S1-RBD–specific memory B cell induction after mRNA vaccination.

(A) Mean (± SEM) log₁₀ numbers of S1-RBD tetramer–binding IgG memory B cells per million total B cells in the peripheral blood of controls (black circles, n = 12–30) or patients with IBD (red circles, n = 5–36) at the indicated times after vaccinations (arrows). (B) Log₁₀ numbers of S1-RBD–specific IgG memory B cells from individual samples from the indicated groups. Groups were compared with ANOVA. *P < 0.05. (C) Mean (± SEM) log₁₀ number of S1-RBD tetramer–binding IgA memory B cells per million total B cells in the peripheral blood of controls (black circles, n = 12–30) or patients with IBD (red circles, n = 5–36) at the indicated times after vaccinations (arrows). Any cell per million value that was less than or equal to 1 was set to 0 on the log₁₀ cell per million plots. Such values were at or below the limit of detection. Values on the x axis are the means of 1- to 3-week time intervals.