Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients included in the study (n = 196)
| Characteristics | Total n = 196 | No complications (n = 94) | Microangiopathy only (n = 51) | Macroangiopathy only (n = 9) | Microangiopathy and macroangiopathy (n = 42) | P** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 44.5 (16) | 39.1 (14.4) | 44.68 (15.3) | 41.6 (14.3) | 55.7 (12.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD) | 26.1 (12.2) | 21.4 (9.3) | 27.74 (12.8) | 22.4 (9.8) | 34.7 (12.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 105 (53.6) | 53 (56.4) | 28 (54.9) | 4 (44.4) | 19 (45.2) | 0.31 |
| Treatment (pump*), n (%) | 113 (57.65) | 52 (55.3) | 31 (60.8) | 5 (55.5) | 25 (59.5) | 0.78 |
| HbA1c (%/mmol/ml), mean (SD) | 8.1 (1.4) /65.5 (11.1) | 8.1(1.2) /64.8(9.3) | 8.4 (1.9) /68.4 (15.3) | 8.0 (1.1) /63.9 (8.6) | 8 (1.2) /63.6 (9.5) | 0.61 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.78 (4.5) | 25.3 (3.7) | 24.2 (2.2) | 26.2 (5.3) | 26.5 (5.1) | 0.17 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 71 (36.6) | 16 (17) | 20 (39.2) | 7 (77.8) | 34 (81) | < 0.0001 |
| SBP, mean ± SD | 125(13.9) | 122(12) | 126 (15) | 123(12.7) | 130 (14.7) | 0.001 |
| DBP, mean ± SD | 74(9.6) | 71(8.0) | 74(11.6) | 73(8.5) | 76(9.8) | 0.27 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 78 (39.6) | 20 (21.3) | 26 (51) | 6 (66.7) | 29 (69) | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 4.9 (0.9) | 4.93 (1) | 4.89 (0.9) | 5 (1.1) | 4.7 (0.9) | 0.14 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 2.63 (0.8) | 2.70 (0.9) | 2.65 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.6) | 0.05 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 1.75 (0.5) | 1.74 (0.5) | 1.83 (0.6) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | 0.74 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l), mean (SD) | 1.00 (0.5) | 0.97 (0.5) | 0.99 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.09 |
| GFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), n (%) | 12 (6.1) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (19) | 0.001 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 45 (22.9) | 20 (21.3) | 13 (25.5) | 3 (33.3) | 11 (26.2) | 0.68 |
| Current and former smokers, n (%) | 51 (26.3) | 21 (22.3) | 15 (29.4) | 4 (44.4) | 13 (31) | 0.39 |
HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, GFR glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI
aTreatment by insulin pump versus multiple injection
bComparison between patients without complication (column 3) and those with both micro and macroangiopathy (column 6)