Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression of the association between AGEs and microangiopathy
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Retinopathy (n = 66) | ||||
| SAF (AU) | 2.12 (1.30, 3.47) | 0.002 | 1.92 (1.16, 3.18) | 0.011 |
| CML (100 µmol/mol lysine)a | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.66 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.39 |
| Pentosidine (µmol/mol lysine) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.21) | 0.80 | 0.97 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.33 |
| MGH1 (mmol/mol lysine) | 0.81 (0.52, 1.24) | 0.34 | 0.75 (0.48, 1.17) | 0.22 |
| Nephropathy (n = 36) | ||||
| SAF (AU) | 1.96 (1.13, 3.39) | 0.016 | 1.63 (0.89, 2.97) | 0.10 |
| CML (100 µmol/mol lysine)a | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.158 | 1.003 (0.999, 1.008) | 0.18 |
| Pentosidine (mmol/mol lysine) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 0.50 | 1.14 (0.86, 1.51) | 0.34 |
| MGH1 (µmol/mol lysine) | 1.51 (0.94, 2.43) | 0.08 | 1.72 (1.02, 2.87) | 0.03 |
| Neuropathy (n = 39) | ||||
| SAF | 3.63 (1.99, 6.62) | < 0.0001 | 2.02 (1.00, 4.07) | 0.04 |
| CML (100 µmol/mol lysine)a | 0.99 (0.95, 1,04) | 0.86 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.82 |
| Pentosidine (µmol/mol lysine) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.48) | 0.24 | 1.17 (0.90, 1.51) | 0.24 |
| MGH1 (mmol/mol lysine) | 1.00 (0.61, 1.64) | 0.98 | 0.92 (0.54, 1.56) | 0.77 |
| Composite criteria of microangiopathy (n = 93) | ||||
| SAF | 3.26 (1.90, 5.60) | < 0.0001 | 2.83 (1.63, 4.93) | < 0.0001 |
| CML (100 µmol/mol lysine)a | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.25 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.11 |
| Pentosidine (µmol/mol lysine) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.09) | 0.25 | 0.90 (0.72, 1.23) | 0.36 |
| MGH1 (mmol/mol lysine) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.10) | 0.13 | 0.71 (0.47, 1.09) | 0.11 |
In multivariate analysis, AGEs were adjusted to potential confounders (i.e., age, sex, duration of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, BMI, smoking status, and glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI)
SAF skin autofluorescence, CML carboxymethyllysine, MGH1 methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone-1, AU arbitrary units
aIn the regression models, CML was divided by 100 to obtain a clinically meaningful OR. Therefore, the reported odds ratio corresponds to the increase or decrease of 100 µmol/mol lysine), as appropriate