Table 2.

Studies investigating the role of SCFAs in cardiovascular diseases.

References	Title	Model	Findings
Carley et al. (65)	Short chain fatty acids outpace ketone oxidation in the failing heart	- Rat - 14d after transverse-aortic constriction	SCFAs oxidation is increased in HF. SCFA are preferred over ketones as a fuel.
Lewandowski et al. (70)	Mitochondrial preference for short chain fatty acid oxidation during coronary artery constriction	- Pig - During coronary artery constriction	In hypoperfused myocardium, SCFA oxidation is increased.
Tang et al. (68)	Loss of Gut Microbiota Alters Immune System Composition and Cripples Postinfarction Cardiac Repair	- Mouse - Coronary artery ligation after 7d antibiotic treatment	SCFAs regulate myocardial repair after infarction.
Murashige et al. (63)	Comprehensive quantification of fuel use by the failing and nonfailing human heart.	- Human - HF with reduced EF and healthy hearts	Both HF and normal hearts rely in major parts on FA for energy. SCFA metabolism is increased in HF.
Bartolomaeus et al. (69)	Short-Chain Fatty Acid Propionate Protects from Hypertensive Cardiovascular Damage	- Apolipoprotein E knockout and WT mice - Angiotensin II infusion (14d and 28d) - oral propionate	Propionate treatment reduces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, hypertension and atherosclerosis.