Table 1:
Baseline characteristics measured at the first antenatal visit by supplementation strategy
| No supplementation (n=4185) | Folic acid supplementation only (n=1133) | Iron supplementation only (n=36 334) | Iron and folic acid supplementation (n=23 101) | Multiple micronutrient supplementation (n=31 588) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trimester of first antenatal care visit | |||||
| First (<12 weeks) | 796 (19·0%) | 239 (21·1%) | 8415 (23·2%) | 6130 (26·5%) | 9302 (29·5%) |
| Second (12–24 weeks) | 3389 (81·0%) | 894 (78·9%) | 27 919 (76·8%) | 16 971 (73·5%) | 22 286 (70·6%) |
| HIV status | |||||
| Women with HIV | 858 (20·5%) | 252 (22·2%) | 7905 (21·8%) | 5523 (23·9%) | 7121 (22·5%) |
| Women without HIV | 3327 (79·5%) | 881 (77·8%) | 28 429 (78·2%) | 17 578 (76·1%) | 24 467 (77·5%) |
| Haemoglobin within 7 days of first antenatal care visit (g/dL) | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 12·0 (11·2–12·7) | 11·8 (10·8–12·6) | 12·0 (11·2–12·7) | 11·8 (10·8–12·6) | 12·0 (11·1–12·8) |
| <11 | 838 (20·0%) | 321 (28·3%) | 7029 (19·4%) | 6678 (28·9%) | 6692 (21·2%) |
| ≥11 | 3347 (80·0%) | 812 (71·7%) | 29 305 (80·7%) | 16 423 (71·1%) | 24 896 (78·8%) |
| Weight at first antenatal care visit | |||||
| <50 kg | 475 (11·4%) | 154 (13·6%) | 4793 (13·2%) | 3207 (13·9%) | 5464 (17·3%) |
| 50–80 kg | 2914 (69·6%) | 791 (69·8%) | 25 346 (69·8%) | 16 197 (70·1%) | 21 595 (68·4%) |
| ≥80 kg | 796 (19·0%) | 188 (16·6%) | 6195 (17·1%) | 3697 (16·0%) | 4529 (14·3%) |
| Health district of first antenatal care visit | |||||
| Rural northwest (Maun, Okavango, and Chobe) | 585 (14·0%) | 90 (7·9%) | 4772 (13·1%) | 1811 (7·8%) | 1459 (4·6%) |
| Rural south (Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kweneng, southern, and Goodhope) | 536 (12·8%) | 133 (11·7%) | 3712 (10·2%) | 3627 (15·7%) | 6317 (20·0%) |
| Urban Gaborone | 1211 (28·9%) | 448 (39·5%) | 9184 (25·3%) | 5726 (24·8%) | 6991 (22·1%) |
| Urban Francistown | 619 (14·8%) | 122 (10·8%) | 6355 (17·5%) | 3243 (14·0%) | 3307 (10·5%) |
| Rural east | 1234 (29·5%) | 340 (30·0%) | 12 311 (33·9%) | 8694 (37·6%) | 13 514 (42·8%) |
| Age | |||||
| <20 years | 454 (10·9%) | 107 (9·4%) | 4133 (11·4%) | 2379 (10·3%) | 3768 (11·9%) |
| 20–35 years | 2992 (71·5%) | 856 (75·6%) | 26 486 (72·9%) | 16 962 (73·4%) | 22 738 (72·0%) |
| ≥35 years | 739 (17·7%) | 170 (15·0%) | 5712 (15·7%) | 3760 (16·3%) | 5082 (16·1%) |
| Parity | |||||
| One or more children | 2625 (62·7%) | 679 (59·9%) | 21 392 (58·9%) | 13 473 (58·3%) | 18 416 (58·3%) |
| No children | 1554 (37·3%) | 454 (40·1%) | 14 918 (41·1%) | 9613 (41·7%) | 13 150 (41·7%) |
| No data | 6 (0·1%) | 0 | 24 (0·1%) | 15 (0·1%) | 22 (0·1%) |
| Occupation | |||||
| Salaried | 1719 (41·1%) | 492 (43·4%) | 14 075 (38·7%) | 9177 (39·7%) | 11 016 (34·9%) |
| Other or missing | 2466 (58·9%) | 641 (56·6%) | 22 259 (61·3%) | 13 924 (60·3%) | 20 572 (65·1%) |
| Education | |||||
| Secondary or higher | 3839 (91·7%) | 1080 (95·3%) | 33 990 (93·6%) | 21 832 (94·5%) | 29 314 (92·8%) |
| Primary, none, or no data | 346 (8·3%) | 53 (4·7%) | 2344 (6·5%) | 1269 (5·5%) | 2274 (7·2%) |
| Calendar year of first antenatal care visit | |||||
| 2013–16 | 1904 (45·5%) | 559 (49·3%) | 19 282 (53·1%) | 11 571 (50·1%) | 5432 (17·2%) |
| 2017–18 | 655 (15·7%) | 49 (4·3%) | 10 135 (27·9%) | 6969 (30·2%) | 12 318 (39·0%) |
| 2019–20 | 1626 (38·9%) | 525 (46·3%) | 6917 (19·0%) | 4561 (19·7%) | 13 838 (43·8%) |
| Season of first antenatal care visit | |||||
| Rainy (November-March) | 1583 (37·8%) | 443 (39·1%) | 15 136 (41·7%) | 10 020 (43·4%) | 13 633 (43·2%) |
| Dry (April-October) | 2602 (62·2%) | 690 (60·9%) | 21 198 (58·3%) | 13 081 (56·6%) | 17 958 (56·9%) |
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 3871 (92·5%) | 1060 (93·6%) | 34 089 (93·8%) | 21 732 (94·1%) | 29 338 (92·9%) |
| Yes | 72 (1·7%) | 10 (0·9%) | 500 (1·4%) | 241 (1·0%) | 608 (1·9%) |
| No data | 242 (5·8%) | 63 (5·6%) | 1745 (4·8%) | 1128 (4·9%) | 1642 (5·2%) |
| Alcohol during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 3519 (84·1%) | 957 (84·5%) | 31 284 (86·1%) | 19 897 (86·1%) | 26 395 (83·6%) |
| Yes | 426 (10·2%) | 113 (10·0%) | 3309 (9·1%) | 2094 (9·1%) | 3562 (11·3%) |
| No data | 240 (5·7%) | 63 (5·6%) | 1741 (4·8%) | 1110 (4·8%) | 1631 (5·2%) |