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4D printing of shape morphing hydrogels. (A) Shear thinning property of precursor ink with or without CNC. (B) (i) The platform for printing. (ii) The 3D printing process as used for hydrogel strip. (iii) The 3D-printed hydrogel strip. (C) Shape-folding of a 4D-printed bilayer hydrogel composite film: (i) schematic; (ii-iv) shape-folding process; (v) column of the folding angle with different pre-stretched lengths of the first layer. Scale bars: 1 cm.
