Table 3. Binomial Logistic Regressions on the Predictors of Adoption of Preventive Behaviours, N = 897 (Odds Ratios) .
| Cancel Social Events | Avoid Public Transport | Reduce Time Spent Shopping | Reduce Time Spent Eating out | Wearing Masks in Public | Avoiding Hospitals or Clinics | Keeping Children out of School* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public Perceptions of COVID-19 in Singapore | |||||||
| Chances of getting COVID-19 compared to influenza (ref: Same/lower) | |||||||
| Higher (slightly higher, much higher) | 1.39 | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.49 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 0.98 |
| 95% CI | 0.95; 2.02 | 0.89; 1.59 | 0.77; 1.74 | 0.98; 2.27 | 0.82; 1.47 | 0.82; 1.50 | 0.63; 1.51 |
| P value | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.49 | 0.06 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.92 |
| Likelihood of ICU admission if you get COVID-19 (ref: unlikely) | |||||||
| Likely (very likely, somewhat likely) | 1.31 | 1.25 | 1.63 | 1.77 | 1.47 | 1.10 | 1.07 |
| 95% CI | 0.89; 1.92 | 0.92; 1.68 | 1.06; 2.49 | 1.15; 2.73 | 1.09; 1.98 | 0.81; 1.50 | 0.68; 1.69 |
| P value | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.76 |
| Government will be successful in containing the spread of COVID-19 (ref: disagree/no opinion) | |||||||
| Agree (strongly agree, somewhat agree) | 0.77 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.12 | 0.89 | 1.18 |
| 95% CI | 0.49; 1.21 | 0.69; 1.38 | 0.60; 1.70 | 0.50; 1.38 | 0.79; 1.59 | 0.62; 1.27 | 0.71; 1.95 |
| P value | 0.25 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.52 |
| I think that if I am careful, I can reduce my chances of getting COVID-19 (ref: disagree/no opinion) | |||||||
| Agree (strongly agree, somewhat agree) | 2.00 | 0.86 | 1.97 | 1.88 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
| 95% CI | 1.33; 3.01 | 0.61; 1.21 | 1.28; 3.05 | 1.20; 2.94 | 0.66; 1.31 | 0.61; 1.23 | 0.52; 1.40 |
| P value | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.69 | 0.42 | 0.53 |
| I think that people in Singapore are overly worried/paranoid about COVID-19 (ref: disagree/no opinion) | |||||||
| Agree (strongly agree, somewhat agree) | 0.88 | 1.07 | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.86 | 1.25 | 1.36 |
| 95% CI | 0.60; 1.29 | 0.79; 1.45 | 0.46; 1.05 | 0.32; 0.72 | 0.64; 1.16 | 0.91; 1.70 | 0.88; 2.10 |
| P value | 0.52 | 0.67 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
| Effectiveness of strategies in reducing risk of getting the COVID-19 virus (ref: not effective/somewhat effective) | |||||||
| Very effective | 1.87 | 3.55 | 4.22 | 3.28 | 3.44 | 2.55 | 4.19 |
| 95% CI | 1.25; 2.78 | 2.59; 4.87 | 2.41; 7.38 | 1.94; 5.54 | 2.50; 4.72 | 1.87; 3.49 | 2.57; 6.84 |
| P value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Participant Demographics | |||||||
| GAD (anxiety) | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.08 |
| 95% CI | 1.01; 1.09 | 1.01; 1.07 | 0.99; 1.07 | 0.99; 1.07 | 1.01; 1.07 | 1.06; 1.12 | 1.03; 1.12 |
| P value | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Age categories (ref: > 50 years old) | |||||||
| 21–35 years old | 1.36 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 1.58 | 1.73 | 0.74 | 1.34 |
| 95% CI | 0.78; 2.39 | 0.62; 1.46 | 0.51; 1.66 | 0.86; 2.88 | 1.13; 2.64 | 0.48; 1.16 | 0.71; 2.53 |
| P value | 0.28 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.37 |
| 36–50 years old | 0.70 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 1.24 | 1.36 | 0.89 | 0.74 |
| 95% CI | 0.44; 1.11 | 0.61; 1.32 | 0.53; 1.56 | 0.72; 2.13 | 0.93; 1.98 | 0.60; 1.32 | 0.41; 1.31 |
| P value | 0.13 | 0.57 | 0.72 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.55 | 0.30 |
| Ethnicity (ref: Non-Chinese) | |||||||
| Chinese | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 1.04 | 0.93 | 0.53 |
| 95% CI | 0.38; 1.19 | 0.38; 0.85 | 0.50; 1.65 | 0.40; 1.38 | 0.70; 1.56 | 0.62; 1.41 | 0.30; 0.92 |
| P value | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.35 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.03 |
| Marital status (ref: Not married) | |||||||
| Married | 1.65 | 1.75 | 2.07 | 3.24 | 1.43 | 1.15 | 0.71 |
| 95% CI | 1.09; 2.49 | 1.26; 2.43 | 1.31; 3.27 | 2.01; 5.23 | 1.03; 1.99 | 0.82; 1.61 | 0.42; 1.20 |
| P value | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.20 |
| Educational level (ref: below university level) | |||||||
| University and above | 2.07 | 2.41 | 1.43 | 1.35 | 1.46 | 1.51 | 1.21 |
| 95% CI | 1.41; 3.03 | 1.76; 3.30 | 0.94; 2.17 | 0.89; 2.07 | 1.08; 1.98 | 1.09; 2.08 | 0.77; 1.92 |
| P value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.41 |
| Number of chronic conditions | 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.96 | 1.14 | 1.08 | 1.19 | 0.89 |
| 95% CI | 0.92; 1.23 | 0.96; 1.19 | 0.83; 1.11 | 0.95; 1.36 | 0.96; 1.20 | 1.07; 1.33 | 0.78; 1.03 |
| P value | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.57 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
| Living with elderly (ref: No) | |||||||
| Yes | 0.95 | 0.98 | 1.47 | 1.40 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.91 |
| 95% CI | 0.64; 1.40 | 0.72; 1.33 | 0.96; 2.25 | 0.91; 2.16 | 0.66; 1.21 | 0.56; 1.05 | 0.57; 1.44 |
| P value | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.68 |
| Constant | 1.16 | 0.27 | 1.13 | 0.90 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.66 |
| 95% CI | 0.50; 2.70 | 0.14; 0.53 | 0.46; 2.78 | 0.35; 2.29 | 0.15; 1.58 | 0.09; 0.36 | 0.24; 1.83 |
| P value | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.43 |
| Log likelihoods | -373.61 | -542.61 | -321.69 | -314.82 | -549.29 | -519.00 | -251.95 |
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; GAD, general anxiety disorder; ICU, intensive care unit.
95% confidence intervals presented below odds ratios in italics.
* N = 426 as “Not applicable” responses for the variable “Keeping children out of school” were removed as the respondents may not have school-aged children.