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. 2022 Jul 11;13:940572. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.940572

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

An overview of therapeutic mechanisms associated with the ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera extracts in preclinical (animal) models of diabetes. Briefly, overwhelming evidence supports the beneficial effects of this plant in enhancing intracellular antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to block the detrimental effects reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and organ damage. This is in part by also improving glucose control (hyperglycemia) and reducing prominent pro-inflammatory markers like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (1L)-β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and COX-2-cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Abbreviations: CD36-cluster of differentiation 36; FFA-free fatty acid; PKC-protein kinase C. Indicators: red lines-detrimental effects, bold lines/green lines-protective effects of Moringa oleifera extracts.