TABLE 2.
An overview of studies on the effects of Moringa oleifera extracts targeting markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in preclinical models of type 2 diabetes.
| Author, year | Experimental model, effective dose and intervention period | Experimental outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Waterman et al. (2015) | High fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6L mice treated with 5% Moringa oleifera concentrate (delivering 66 mg/kg/d of moringa isothiocyanates) | Improved glucose tolerance and insulin signaling and did not develop fatty liver disease. Treatment also reduced plasma insulin, leptin, resistin, cholesterol, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and lowered hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase expression |
| Joung et al. (2017) | HFD-induced glucose intolerance C57BL/6 mice treated with 250 mg/kg Moringa oleifera leaf extract for 10 weeks | Did not affect body weights but reduced hepatic lipid accumulation. Also, reduced HFD-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity in quadriceps muscles. Reduced the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism such as fatty-acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous-α (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), within the skeletal muscle. Oxidative and inflammatory markers such as uncoupling protein 2/3, TNF-α, 1L-β, IL-6, IL-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were improved |
| Tang et al. (2017) | Type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice treated with 150 mg/kg Moringa oleifera leaf ethanolic extract for 5 weeks | Reduced fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and increased insulin levels, while improving lipid profiles by decreasing concentrations of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein. Also, protected against renal damage by decreasing pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in renal tissue |
| Jaja-Chimedza et al. (2018) | HFD-induced obese C57Bl/6 J mice treated with Moringa oleifera seed, containing 0.54 and 0.73% of extract supplemented in diet for 12 weeks | Reduced body weight, decreased adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, decreased inflammatory gene expression, and increased antioxidant gene expression. Specific, inflammatory genes that were decreased included IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, while oxidative genes improved included iNOS and NADPH dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1), in some of the tissues (liver, jejunum, ileum and colon) |
| Chin et al. (2019) | HFD and streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Sprague Dawley rats treated with 0.5% standardized aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract-loaded hydrocolloid film for 3 weeks | Significantly improved wound healing, and this was in part by effective modulation of pro-inflammatory markers and growth factors including TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor in the wound site |
| Mohamed et al. (2019) | HFD-induced insulin resistant in Sprague Dawley rats treated with 300 mg/kg Moringa oleifera aqueous extract for 4 weeks | Reversed hepatic insulin insensitivity and this was linked to up-regulation of genes involved in insulin receptors and glucose uptake such as insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 and glucose transporter (GLUT)4. Also improved hepatic antioxidants like catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while decreasing level of lipid peroxidation, the malonaldehyde (MDA) content |
| El-Shehawi et al. (2021) | HFD-induced obese Wistar rats treated with 300 mg/kg Moringa oleifera leaf extract for 14 weeks | Reduced body weight and body fat mass, while also decreasing FPG, insulin, and leptin levels, while increased adiponectin. Consistently, treatment improved lipid profiles like serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein, while enhancing hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) and some pro-inflammatory markers like nuclear factor kappa β (NF-κβ)- P65 were decreased |