Table 4.
Hazard Ratios for Risk of Hypoglycemia in CKD Patients Aged 18 Years or Above With Type 2 Diabetes
| Analysis | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose-lowering medication | ||||
| Sulfonylurea | Ref. | |||
| SGLT2i/GLP-1RA | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.65 | 0.002 |
| Age category, y | ||||
| 18-64 | 0.93 | 0.57 | 1.52 | 0.78 |
| 65-74 | Ref. | |||
| 75-84 | 1.45 | 1.04 | 2.01 | 0.02 |
| ≥85 | 1.02 | 0.64 | 1.61 | 0.95 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.06 | 0.12 |
| Female | Ref. | |||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | Ref. | |||
| Black | 1.55 | 1.07 | 2.26 | 0.02 |
| Other/unknown | 1.17 | 0.70 | 1.95 | 0.54 |
| Low-income subsidy (LIS) | ||||
| Non-LIS | Ref. | |||
| LIS | 1.56 | 1.14 | 2.14 | 0.005 |
| CKD stage | ||||
| 1/2 | 1.02 | 0.60 | 1.73 | 0.96 |
| 3 | Ref. | |||
| 4/5 | 1.68 | 0.97 | 2.89 | 0.06 |
| Unk/Unspc | 1.15 | 0.84 | 1.57 | 0.38 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index score (per 1-unit change) | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.07 | <.0001 |
| Metformin | ||||
| No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0.91 | 0.68 | 1.21 | 0.51 |
| Nonglucose-lowering medications associated with hyperglycemia | ||||
| No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0.94 | 0.71 | 1.25 | 0.69 |
| Nonglucose-lowering medications associated with hypoglycemia | ||||
| No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 1.12 | 0.81 | 1.55 | 0.49 |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CI, confidence interval; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; LIS, low-income subsidy; Ref., reference; SGLT2i, sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; Unk/Unspc, CKD stage unknown or unspecified.