Table 4.
Safety and efficacy outcomes of included studies.
| Authors | n = | Follow up | 30 day mortality | Procedural time (min) | Length of stay | Renal function | Complications | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomson, et al. (2011)(14) | 7 | 3 months | 0 | Range 90–120 (excluding anaesthesia) | 7/7 1 day | No significant change | 1/7 Obstruction of upper ureter (previously damaged by RFA) 1/7 Unintentional adrenal gland electroporation 2/7 Transient frank haematurias (<24 h duration) |
In all 38 patients, there were also 6 transient ventricular arrhythmias and 2 upper limb neurapraxias due to prolonged arm extension. |
| Pech et al. 15 | 6 | 3 months | 0 | Median 201 (IQR 176–204) | NR | Decrease in function due to nephrectomy | 1/6 Intraoperative supraventricular extrasystole | No changes on 5-min pre- and post-IRE Arterial Blood Gas analysis. |
| Diehl et al. 16 | 5 | Mean 6.4 months (range 3–11) |
0 | NR | NR | No significant change ΔGFR −3 mL/min |
1/5 Transient frank haematuria 1/5 Stage 1 AKI |
|
| Vroomen, et al. 17 | 1 | 4 months | 0 | NR | NR | NR | 1/1 Upper limb motor loss with sensory involvement with partial recovery at 4 months (due to arm position) | |
| Canvasser et al. 18 | 41 | Mean 22 months (SD 12.4) |
0 | Median 94 (IQR 72–131) | 29/41 0 days 12/41 1 day |
No significant change ΔGFR −6 mL/min |
4/41 Asymptomatic perirenal haematomas 2/41 Postoperative urinary retentions 1/41 Postoperative pain requiring overnight admission 2/41 Patients with morbid obesity needing postoperative NIV and 24-h admission |
|
| Liu et al. 19 | 5 | Mean 22 months (range 14–31) |
0 | Range 120–270 | 5/5 1 day | No significant change ΔGFR −6 mL/min |
0 Adverse events reported | |
| Wendler et al. 20 | 7 | 27 days to nephrectomy Overall Mean 25 months (range 15–36) |
0 | Mean 129 (range 53–203) | NR | No significant change | 7/7 Transient frank haematurias 7/7 Post-puncture pain needing medication 2/7 Self-limiting perirenal haematomas |
|
| Wendler et al. 21 | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Normal post-IRE morphological appearances on MRI urogram. Post-nephrectomy histopathology found regeneration of urothelium with permanent tissue necrosis of tumour and parenchyma below. Urine cytology showed transient cell vacuolisation in first 7 days post-IRE. |
| Buijs et al. 22 | 10 | Median 6 months (range 3–12) |
0 | Mean 126 (range 105–150) | 9/10 1 day 1/10 7 days |
No significant change | 1/10 Blocked ureter due to blood clot 1/10 Transient frank haematuria 1/10 Self-limiting perirenal haematoma 1/10 Painful micturition 1/10 Pyelonephritis (17 days post-IRE) |
|
| Gul, et al. 23 | 1 | 34 months | 0 | NR | NR | No significant change | 0 Adverse events reported | IRE in renal graft, function intact at 34 months follow up. |
ΔGFR: change in GFR; IRE: irreversible electroporation; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NR: not reported; RFA: radiofrequency ablation.