Table 1.
Comparison of variables in the GA and EGA groups before and after propensity score matching
| Variable | Total | Before matching | After matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA group | E-GA group | P value | GA group | E-GA group | P value | Standardized diff. | ||
| N | 647 | 185 | 462 | 137 | 137 | |||
| Age (years) | 61.06 ± 8.16 | 62.44 ± 8.14 | 60.51 ± 8.11 | 0.006 | 61.89 ± 8.24 | 61.93 ± 7.77 | 0.964 | 0.0055 |
| Male | 501 (77.43%) | 140 (75.68%) | 361 (78.14%) | 0.498 | 106 (77.37%) | 101 (73.72%) | 0.482 | 0.0850 |
| History of smoking | 342 (52.86%) | 98 (52.97%) | 244 (52.81%) | 0.971 | 73 (53.28%) | 76 (55.47%) | 0.716 | 0.0440 |
| Preoperative chemotherapy | 142 (21.95%) | 55 (29.73%) | 87 (18.83%) | 0.002 | 38 (27.74%) | 38 (27.74%) | 1.000 | 0.0000 |
| Coexisting disease | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 102 (15.77%) | 41 (22.16%) | 61 (13.20%) | 0.005 | 25 (18.25%) | 26 (18.98%) | 1.0000 | 0.0188 |
| DM | 47 (7.26%) | 16 (8.65%) | 31 (6.71%) | 0.391 | 11 (8.03%) | 14 (10.22%) | 0.6748 | 0.0761 |
| Heart disease | 67 (10.36%) | 28 (15.14%) | 39 (8.44%) | 0.012 | 20 (14.60%) | 20 (14.60%) | 1.000 | 0.0000 |
| Lung disease | 150 (23.18%) | 45 (24.32%) | 105 (22.73%) | 0.664 | 33 (24.09%) | 35 (25.55%) | 0.780 | 0.0338 |
| Laboratory examination results | ||||||||
| Preoperative anemia | 237 (36.63%) | 72 (38.92%) | 165 (35.71%) | 0.445 | 51 (37.23%) | 50 (36.50%) | 0.900 | 0.0151 |
| PLT (109/L) | 233.61 ± 76.60 | 228.64 ± 72.96 | 235.60 ± 78.00 | 0.297 | 232.38 ± 77.52 | 229.96 ± 76.89 | 0.795 | 0.0314 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 39.63 ± 4.24 | 39.11 ± 5.11 | 39.84 ± 3.82 | 0.049 | 39.02 ± 4.97 | 39.38 ± 3.57 | 0.493 | 0.0830 |
| Scr (µmol/L) | 90.51 ± 23.12 | 94.69 ± 26.21 | 88.84 ± 21.57 | 0.004 | 92.62 ± 15.7) | 94.53 ± 23.96 | 0.435 | 0.0945 |
| AST (mmol/L) | 23.53 ± 10.93 | 24.49 ± 10.28 | 23.15 ± 11.17 | 0.161 | 24.63 ± 10.55 | 23.77 ± 10.80 | 0.506 | 0.0805 |
| ALT (mmol/L) | 17.00 (13.00–24.00) | 17.00 (12.02-25.00) | 17.00 (13.00–24.00) | 0.731 | 17.00 (12.02-26.00) | 17.00 (14.00–24.00) | 0.920 | 0.0732 |
| Intraoperative variables | ||||||||
| ASA | 0.005 | 0.1756 | 0.1878 | |||||
| I/II | 594 (91.81%) | 161 (87.03%) | 433 (93.72%) | 118 (86.13%) | 126 (91.97%) | |||
| III | 53 (8.19%) | 24 (12.97%) | 29 (6.28%) | 19 (13.87%) | 11 (8.03%) | |||
| Endotracheal tube type | < 0.001 | 0.803 | 0.0302 | |||||
| Single lumen | 254 (39.26%) | 133 (71.89%) | 121 (26.19%) | 87 (63.50%) | 85 (62.04%) | |||
| Double lumen | 393 (60.74%) | 52 (28.11%) | 341 (73.81%) | 50 (36.50%) | 52 (37.96%) | |||
| Continuous anesthesia | < 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.0000 | |||||
| TIVA | 587 (90.73%) | 148 (80.00%) | 439 (95.02%) | 122 (89.05%) | 122 (89.05%) | |||
| CIIA | 60 (9.27%) | 37 (20.00%) | 23 (4.98%) | 15 (10.95%) | 15 (10.95%) | |||
| Operation type | < 0.001 | 0.787 | 0.0326 | |||||
| OE | 347 (53.63%) | 40 (21.62%) | 307 (66.45%) | 39 (28.47%) | 37 (27.01%) | |||
| MIE | 300 (46.37%) | 145 (78.38%) | 155 (33.55%) | 98 (71.53%) | 100 (72.99%) | |||
| Blood loss (ml) | 200.00 (100.00-250.00) | 100.00 (100.00-200.00) | 200.00 (100.00-250.00) | 0.004 | 100.00 (100.00-200.00) | 100.00 (100.00-200.00) | 0.746 | 0.0565 |
| Operation time (min) | 239.13 ± 56.72 | 259.61 ± 55.09 | 230.93 ± 55.32 | < 0.001 | 256.43 ± 50.17 | 249.82 ± 46.57 | 0.260 | 0.1365 |
| Vasoactive drug use | 341 (52.70%) | 109 (58.92%) | 232 (50.22%) | 0.045 | 82 (59.85%) | 81 (59.12%) | 0.902 | 0.0149 |
| Blood transfusion | 127 (19.63%) | 42 (22.70%) | 85 (18.40%) | 0.213 | 26 (18.98%) | 30 (21.90%) | 0.549 | 0.0725 |
| Postoperative ICU admission | 42 (6.49%) | 18 (9.73%) | 24 (5.19%) | 0.034 | 10 (7.30%) | 12 (8.76%) | 0.657 | 0.0537 |
| Postoperative complications | ||||||||
| Respiratory failure | 24 (3.71%) | 9 (4.86%) | 15 (3.25%) | 0.325 | 6 (4.38%) | 8 (5.84%) | 0.583 | 0.0663 |
| Lung infection | 212 (32.77%) | 58 (31.35%) | 154 (33.33%) | 0.627 | 41 (29.93%) | 48 (35.04%) | 0.367 | 0.1093 |
| Anastomotic leakage | 42 (6.49%) | 11 (5.95%) | 31 (6.71%) | 0.722 | 8 (5.84%) | 10 (7.30%) | 0.626 | 0.0590 |
| Surgical site infection | 37 (5.72%) | 5 (2.70%) | 32 (6.93%) | 0.037 | 4 (2.92%) | 4 (2.92%) | 1.000 | 0.0000 |
| PLOS (days) |
19.85 ± 12.60 16.00 (14.00–21.00) |
20.01 ± 14.90 15.00 (14.00–20.00) |
19.79 ± 11.57 16.00 (14.00–21.00) |
0.094 |
18.09 ± 9.71 15.00 (14.00–18.00) |
19.39 ± 10.75 16.00 (14.00–22.00) |
0.145 | 0.1276 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD, median (Q1-Q3), or N (%)
Abbreviations: GA general anesthesia, E-GA combined epidural-general anesthesia, DM diabetes mellitus, PLT platelet, AST aspartate transaminase, ALT alanine transaminase, Scr serum creatinine, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologist Physical Status, TIVA total intravenous anesthesia, CIIA combined intravenous and inhalation anesthesia, OE open esophagectomy, MIE minimally invasive esophagectomy, ICU intensive care unit, PLOS postoperative length of stay