Table 1.
Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the study participants
| Antenatal Mothers (26-28 weeks’ pregnancy) n=752 |
Postnatal Mothers (4–5 years after delivery) n=650 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n | Mean (±STD) | Variable | n | Mean (±STD) |
| Ethnicity | Ethnicity | ||||
| Chinese | 400 | - | Chinese | 375 | - |
| Malay | 198 | - | Malay | 160 | - |
| Indian | 154 | - | Indian | 115 | - |
| Maternal education level | Maternal education level | ||||
| Secondary and below | 217 | - | Secondary and below | 194 | - |
| Post-secondary | 259 | - | Post-secondary | 223 | - |
| University | 270 | - | University | 228 | - |
| Maternal age (years) | 752 | 30.68 (±5.11) | Maternal age (years) | 585 | 35.68 (±5.15) |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 699 | 22.84 (±4.33) | Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 596 | 22.65 (±4.34) |
| Antenatal BMI (kg/m2) | 739 | 26.31 (±4.36) | BMI (kg/m2) | 594 | 24.55 (±5.23) |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 700 | 8.62 (±4.31) | |||
| Newborns | Children (6-year-old) | ||||
| n=751 | n=338 | ||||
| Variable | n | Mean (±STD) | Variable | n | Mean (±STD) |
| Ethnicity | Ethnicity | ||||
| Chinese | 368 | - | Chinese | 195 | - |
| Malay | 225 | - | Malay | 89 | - |
| Indian | 158 | - | Indian | 54 | - |
| Sex | Sex | ||||
| Male | 401 | - | Male | 185 | - |
| Female | 350 | - | Female | 153 | - |
| Maternal education level | Maternal education level | ||||
| Secondary and below | 251 | - | Secondary and below | 100 | - |
| Post-secondary | 284 | - | Post-secondary | 120 | - |
| University | 205 | - | University | 116 | - |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 751 | 38.74 (±1.37) | Gestational age (weeks) | 338 | 38.79 (±1.63) |
| Birth weight (kg) | 751 | 3.10 (±0.44) | Birth weight (kg) | 338 | 3.10 (±0.46) |
| Maternal age (years) | 751 | 30.20 (±5.20) | Child age (years) | 330 | 6.06 (±0.09) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 679 | 22.97 (±4.61) | Child BMI (kg/m2) | 330 | 15.62 (±2.33) |
| Total gestational weight gain (kg) | 658 | 13.50 (±5.76) | |||
| Birth order | |||||
| 1 | 330 | - | |||
| >1 | 421 | - | |||