Table 3.

Predictors of neurodegeneration between cognitively normal male and female older adults in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Brain Regions of Interest	Age * Time			Hypertension * Time			Obesity * Time			APOE e4 Status * Time			HDL * Time
	β	SE	p-value	β	SE	p-value	β	SE	p-value	β	SE	p-value	β	SE	p-value
Males Only (N=291, number of observations = 847)
Total Brain	0.0017	0.0409	0.966	−0.2943	0.5748	0.609	−0.0981	0.4332	0.821	−0.2514	0.6908	0.716	−0.0436	0.0250	0.081
GM	−0.0786	0.0342	0.021	0.0649	0.4815	0.893	−0.1560	0.3559	0.661	0.1607	0.5788	0.781	−0.0150	0.0209	0.471
Frontal GM	−0.0065	0.0127	0.608	0.1057	0.1820	0.561	−0.1507	0.1220	0.217	0.1807	0.2182	0.408	−0.0065	0.0076	0.395
Temporal GM	−0.0189	0.0060	0.002 *	0.0456	0.0835	0.585	0.0546	0.0668	0.414	0.0530	0.1009	0.599	−0.0039	0.0037	0.304
Parietal GM	−0.0056	0.0064	0.386	−0.0214	0.0909	0.814	−0.0183	0.0698	0.793	−0.0097	0.1091	0.929	−0.0053	0.0039	0.180
Occipital GM	−0.0103	0.0063	0.103	−0.0982	0.0896	0.273	0.0250	0.0709	0.725	−0.0174	0.1074	0.871	−0.0041	0.0039	0.292
WM	0.0390	0.0180	0.030	−0.2015	0.2537	0.427	0.0892	0.1974	0.651	−0.0963	0.3042	0.751	−0.0099	0.0110	0.372
Frontal WM	0.0136	0.0077	0.077	−0.0295	0.1083	0.786	−0.0177	0.0865	0.838	0.0801	0.1302	0.538	−0.0022	0.0048	0.640
Temporal WM	0.0079	0.0047	0.094	−0.1112	0.0661	0.093	0.0223	0.0526	0.672	−0.1480	0.0795	0.063	−0.0046	0.0029	0.116
Parietal WM	0.0116	0.0046	0.012	0.0135	0.0656	0.836	0.0459	0.0500	0.358	−0.0179	0.0786	0.819	−0.0032	0.0028	0.260
Occipital WM	0.0047	0.0030	0.121	−0.0597	0.0432	0.166	0.0644	0.0328	0.049	0.0076	0.0517	0.884	0.0003	0.0019	0.877
Ventricles	0.0399	0.0130	0.002 *	−0.1322	0.2012	0.511	0.0053	0.0750	0.943	−0.0886	0.2410	0.713	−0.0105	0.0075	0.161
Corpus Callosum	0.0001	0.0006	0.831	−0.0073	0.0080	0.362	−0.0032	0.0062	0.604	−0.0066	0.0096	0.492	−0.0001	0.0004	0.734
Amygdala	−0.0005	0.0002	0.024	0.0003	0.0032	0.930	0.0013	0.0022	0.557	−0.0014	0.0038	0.721	0.0001	0.0001	0.488
Hippocampus	−0.0021	0.0005	<0.001 *	0.0128	0.0064	0.046	−0.0024	0.0050	0.627	−0.0054	0.0077	0.482	0.0005	0.0003	0.072
Entorhinal Cortex	−0.0013	0.0005	0.012	−0.0057	0.0074	0.444	0.0068	0.0063	0.281	0.0031	0.0090	0.729	0.0009	0.0003	0.008
Parahippocampal Gyrus	−0.0012	0.0006	0.057	0.0145	0.0086	0.091	0.0044	0.0070	0.527	0.0100	0.0103	0.334	0.0008	0.0004	0.030
Females Only (N= 326, number of observations = 881)
Total Brain	−0.0286	0.0275	0.297	−0.8579	0.5740	0.135	0.4631	0.3455	0.180	−0.4046	0.4320	0.349	0.0074	0.0139	0.594
GM	−0.0488	0.0210	0.020	−0.9437	0.4418	0.033	0.4643	0.2735	0.090	−0.2805	0.3289	0.394	0.0027	0.0106	0.802
Frontal GM	−0.0180	0.0078	0.021	−0.2318	0.1635	0.156	0.1835	0.0961	0.056	0.0236	0.1248	0.850	−0.0019	0.0040	0.632
Temporal GM	−0.0104	0.0039	0.008	−0.2437	0.0817	0.003 *	0.1000	0.0527	0.058	0.0024	0.0598	0.967	0.0025	0.0020	0.205
Parietal GM	−0.0097	0.0043	0.023	−0.1224	0.0893	0.171	0.0480	0.0546	0.379	−0.0355	0.0668	0.596	0.0017	0.0022	0.423
Occipital GM	−0.0070	0.0040	0.081	−0.0756	0.0845	0.371	0.0732	0.0508	0.149	−0.0450	0.0641	0.482	0.0007	0.0020	0.718
WM	−0.0159	0.0099	0.109	−0.1273	0.2036	0.532	0.0538	0.1393	0.699	0.0265	0.1405	0.850	0.0018	0.0049	0.719
Frontal WM	−0.0036	0.0042	0.396	−0.0346	0.0857	0.687	−0.0439	0.0623	0.480	0.0196	0.0574	0.733	0.0005	0.0020	0.819
Temporal WM	0.0009	0.0031	0.777	−0.0501	0.0655	0.444	0.0667	0.0400	0.096	−0.0440	0.0486	0.365	−0.0007	0.0016	0.651
Parietal WM	−0.0011	0.0027	0.688	0.0076	0.0555	0.891	0.0485	0.0346	0.160	0.0267	0.0404	0.509	0.0021	0.0013	0.123
Occipital WM	−0.0037	0.0018	0.045	−0.0191	0.0382	0.617	0.0130	0.0240	0.587	−0.0103	0.0281	0.714	0.0013	0.0009	0.175
Ventricles	0.0378	0.0070	<0.001 *	−0.1728	0.1442	0.231	−0.1504	0.0575	0.009	−0.0074	0.1171	0.950	−0.0063	0.0034	0.065
Corpus Callosum	−0.0015	0.0004	0.001 *	−0.0076	0.0093	0.412	−0.0050	0.0053	0.341	−0.0102	0.0073	0.166	0.0001	0.0002	0.616
Amygdala	−0.0005	0.0002	0.002 *	0.0018	0.0035	0.620	0.0018	0.0018	0.318	−0.0017	0.0029	0.554	0.0001	0.0001	0.149
Hippocampus	−0.0017	0.0004	<0.001 *	0.0046	0.0078	0.553	0.0088	0.0044	0.047	−0.0083	0.0061	0.174	0.0001	0.0002	0.565
Entorhinal Cortex	−0.0007	0.0004	0.091	0.0072	0.0081	0.372	−0.0018	0.0048	0.702	−0.0020	0.0061	0.736	0.0002	0.0002	0.298
Parahippocampal Gyrus	−0.0011	0.0005	0.022	−0.0118	0.0102	0.246	−0.0006	0.0057	0.917	−0.0059	0.0080	0.463	0.0004	0.0002	0.082

GM – gray matter, WM – white matter, SE – standard error. Note: Linear-mixed effects models consisted of fixed effects, i.e., baseline intracranial volume (ICV), image type (1.5-T SPGR vs. 3-T MPRAGE), age, race, hypertension, obesity, APOE e4 carrier status, HDL cholesterol, time since first MRI, and two-way interactions of image type, age, race, hypertension, obesity, APOE e4 carrier status, and HDL cholesterol with time, and random effects (intercept and time) with unstructured covariance. The analyses were stratified by sex. All bolded values indicate p<0.05.

^*indicates significance at Bonferroni correction of p≤0.003. Predictor*Time indicates the association of predictor with annual rate of change in brain volume.