Table 4.
Ultrasound use (N = 1282) | Non‐ultrasound use (N = 11 446) | p‐value | |
---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | ||
Race | |||
White non‐Hispanic | Reference | ||
White Hispanic | 1.02 | 0.82–1.27 | .863 |
Black non‐Hispanic | 1.50 | 1.15–1.96 | .003 |
Age (year) | 0.93 | 0.90–0.97 | <.001 |
Sex | |||
Female | Reference | ||
Male | 0.68 | 0.56–0.81 | <.001 |
Weight (kg) | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02 | <.001 |
Body mass index category | |||
Underweight (<5 percentile) | Reference | ||
Healthy weight (5–84th percentile) | 1.15 | 0.83–1.59 | .404 |
Overweight (85–94th percentile) | 1.54 | 1.18–2.01 | .001 |
Obese (95th percentile or greater) | 1.65 | 1.22–2.23 | .001 |
Renal disease | 1.27 | 0.93–1.73 | .133 |
Cardiac disease | 1.81 | 1.36–2.41 | <.001 |
Prematurity | 1.21 | 0.42–3.44 | .725 |
ASA physical status | |||
I | Reference | ||
II | 1.92 | 1.33–2.77 | .001 |
III | 5.58 | 3.86–8.07 | <.001 |
IV | 10.47 | 6.19–17.70 | <.001 |
Practitioner type | |||
Attending anesthesiologist | Reference | ||
CRNA | 0.90 | 0.70–1.16 | .408 |
RN | 0.05 | 0.014–0.17 | <.001 |
Trainee | 0.62 | 0.51–0.76 | <.001 |
Patient class | |||
Outpatient | Reference | ||
Inpatient | 3.48 | 2.75–4.40 | <.001 |
Emergency status | 1.50 | 0.81–2.77 | .196 |
Surgical subspecialty | |||
Otolaryngology | Reference | ||
Cardiology | 6.16 | 4.11–9.25 | <.001 |
Cardiac surgery | 2.16 | 1.30–3.58 | .003 |
Dentistry | 1.76 | 0.94–3.32 | .079 |
Gastroenterology | 1.17 | 0.69–1.97 | .567 |
Medical imaging | 1.90 | 1.33–2.73 | <.001 |
Neurosurgery | 1.08 | 0.65–1.78 | .775 |
Ophthalmology | 0.48 | 0.15–1.57 | .224 |
Orthopedics | 2.65 | 1.83–3.85 | <.001 |
Pediatric surgery | 1.97 | 1.38–2.82 | <.001 |
Plastics | 2.03 | 1.07–3.86 | .031 |
Urology | 1.27 | 0.77–2.08 | .350 |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; CI, confidence interval; CRNA, certified registered nurse anesthetist; RN, registered nurse.
Body mass index data missing for all children less than 2 years old (28%) because there are no norms of children in this age group.