TABLE 1.

Summary of notation used in the models

f, m	Sex: f = female; m = male
Bf, Bm	Rate of change of female and male optima with changes in the environment
bf, bm	Sex‐specific reaction norms (phenotypic plasticity); phenotypic plasticity is adaptive, yet imperfect, when 1 > bf /Bf  > 0 and 1 > bm /Bm >0
$\overline{b}$, $b_{\mathit{SD}}$	$\overline{b}=\left(b_f+b_m\right)/2$ is the average of the female and male reaction norms; $b_{\mathit{SD}}=b_f‐b_m$ is a measure of sexual dimorphism for the reaction norms
VA , f , VA , m	Sex‐specific additive genetic variance for the trait
Kf, Km	Effective rate of change of female and male optima (Kf  = Bf –bf ; Km  = Bm –bm )
α	Variance‐weighted ratio of effective rate of change in male vs. female optima;$\alpha =K_m\sqrt{V_{A,f}}{\left(K_f\sqrt{V_{A,m}}\right)}^{‐1}$
γf , γm	Sex‐specific strengths of stabilising selection on the trait
γb , f , γb , m	Sex‐specific costs of plasticity (there is no cost of plasticity when γb , f , γb , m  = 0)
rmf	Cross‐sex additive genetic correlation for the trait
$r_{eq.}$	Equilibrium intrinsic growth rate under directional environmental change
${\overline{r}}_{eq.}$	Steady‐state mean intrinsic growth rate under cyclic environmental change
η	Rate of directional change in the environment (change per generation)