TABLE 2.
Risk of first ADM use in the first year and 10 years following diagnosis amongst individuals with IBD compared with the control cohort
| Outcome | First year | Ten years | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI; P value) | Adjusted* HR (95% CI; P value) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI; P value) | Adjusted* HR (95% CI; P value) | |
| Cohort | ||||
| Matched controls | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| IBD | 1.49 (1.34‐1.64; 0.000) | 1.34 (1.21‐1.49; 0.000) | 1.20 (1.13‐1.27; 0.000) | 1.11 (1.04‐1.18; 0.001) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| Female | 1.46 (1.32‐1.61; 0.000) | 1.43 (1.29‐1.58; 0.000) | 1.44 (1.37‐1.52; 0.000) | 1.45 (1.38‐1.53; 0.000) |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | ||||
| <18 | 0.14 (0.09‐0.24; 0.000) | 0.24 (0.15‐0.41; 0.000) | 0.56 (0.49‐0.65; 0.000) | 0.67 (0.57‐0.78; 0.000) |
| 18‐25 | 1.29 (1.08‐1.53; 0.007) | 1.42 (1.19‐1.70; 0.000) | 1.57 (1.44‐1.72; 0.000) | 1.67 (1.52‐1.84; 0.000) |
| 25‐40 | 1.22 (1.08‐1.39; 0.002) | 1.25 (1.10‐1.42; 0.000) | 1.29 (1.20‐1.38; 0.000) | 1.29 (1.21‐1.39; 0.000) |
| 40‐60 | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| ≥60 | 0.90 (0.79‐1.02; 0.103) | 0.91 (0.80‐1.04; 0.162) | 0.95 (0.89‐1.02; 0.192) | 0.97 (0.91‐1.04; 0.437) |
| Social deprivation | ||||
| IMD 1‐3 | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| IMD 4‐5 | 1.18 (1.02‐1.35; 0.018) | 1.09 (0.95‐1.25; 0.214) | 1.19 (1.10‐1.28; 0.000) | 1.12 (1.04‐1.21; 0002) |
| Unknown | 1.04 (0.93‐1.68; 0.442) | 1.02 (0.91‐1.14; 0.735) | 1.06 (0.99‐1.12; 0.067) | 1.00 (0.95‐1.07; 0.815) |
| Era of IBD diagnosis | ||||
| Era 1: 2004‐2007 | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| Era 2: 2008‐2011 | 1.13 (1.00‐1.28; 0.045) | 1.02 (0.90‐1.15; 0.772) | 1.30 (1.22‐1.38; 0.000) | 1.27 (1.19‐1.35; 0.000) |
| Era 3: 2012‐2015 | 1.56 (1.39‐1.77; 0.000) | 1.35 (1.19‐1.53; 0.000) | 1.82 (1.69‐1.97; 0.000) | 1.76 (1.63‐1.91; 0.000) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| Smoker | 2.02 (1.77‐2.30; 0.000) | 1.94 (1.70‐2.21; 0.000) | 1.74 (1.62‐1.89; 0.000) | 1.71 (1.58‐1.84; 0.000) |
| Ex‐smoker | 1.25 (1.10‐1.42; 0.001) | 1.26 (1.10‐1.45; 0.001) | 1.17 (1.08‐1.26; 0.000) | 1.24 (1.15‐1.34; 0.000) |
| Missing | 0.46 (0.39‐0.54; 0.000) | 0.53 (0.45‐0.63; 0.000) | 0.89 (0.84‐0.96; 0.003) | 0.99 (0.92‐1.07; 0.797) |
| Corticosteroid use | ||||
| No | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| Yes | 0.83 (0.57‐1.21; 0.328) | 1.11 (0.76‐1.64; 0.585) | 0.78 (0.63‐0.94; 0.010) | 0.89 (0.73‐1.10; 0.260) |
All covariates in the table were included within the adjusted analysis. Abbreviations: ADM (Antidepressant medication); HR (Hazard Ratio); CI (Confidence Interval) * IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) *IMD ‐ Index of Multiple Deprivation; IMD 1 represents the least deprived and IMD 5 the most deprived. IMD ‐ Data are available only for individual’s resident in England.
Bold values indicate statistical significance.