TABLE 5.
Risk of incident depression and anxiety in the first year following diagnosis amongst individuals with IBD compared with the control cohort
| Outcome | Depression | Anxiety | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI; P value) | Adjusted* HR (95% CI; P value) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI; P value) | Adjusted* HR (95% CI; P value) | |
| Cohort | ||||
| Matched Controls | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| IBD | 1.37 (1.23‐1.52; 0.000) | 1.26 (1.13‐1.40; 0.000) | 1.50 (1.35‐1.68; 0.000) | 1.36 (1.21‐1.52; 0.000) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| Female | 1.80 (1.61‐2.00; 0.000) | 1.77 (1.59‐1.97; 0.000) | 1.68 (1.50‐1.87; 0.000) | 1.67 (1.49‐1.86; 0.000) |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | ||||
| <18 | 0.36 (0.25‐0.50; 0.000) | 0.59 (0.42‐0.83; 0.003) | 0.39 (0.28‐0.55; 0.000) | 0.55 (0.38‐0.77; 0.001) |
| 18 < 25 | 1.23 (1.02‐1.47; 0.028) | 1.37 (1.14‐1.64; 0.001) | 1.20 (0.99‐1.46; 0.094) | 1.30 (1.06‐1.58; 0.011) |
| 25 < 40 | 1.17 (1.02‐1.32; 0.019) | 1.19 (1.04‐1.35; 0.010) | 1.16 (1.01‐1.33; 0.028) | 1.18 (1.03‐1.35; 0.019) |
| 40 < 60 | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| ≥60 | 0.77 (0.67‐0.90; 0.000) | 0.79 (0.69‐0.91; 0.001) | 0.83 (0.72‐0.98; 0.008 | 0.82 (0.71‐0.95; 0.007) |
| Social deprivation | ||||
| IMD 1–3 | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| IMD 4–5 | 1.24 (1.07‐1.42; 0.002) | 1.14 (0.99‐1.31; 0.056) | 1.07 (0.92‐1.24; 0.380) | 1.02 (0.88‐1.18; 0.787) |
| Unknown | 1.06 (0.94‐1.19; 0.335) | 1.06 (0.93‐1.19; 0.333) | 1.12 (0.99‐1.25; 0.068) | 1.11 (0.98‐1.25; 0.098) |
| Era of IBD diagnosis | ||||
| Era 1 2004–2007 | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| Era 2 2008–2011 | 1.21 (1.07‐1.36; 0.002) | 1.11 (1.02‐1.29; 0.102) | 1.02 (0.90‐1.16; 0.809) | 0.95 (0.86‐1.12; 0.470) |
| Era 3 2012–2015 | 1.23 (1.08‐1.40; 0.002) | 1.08 (1.00‐1.31; 0.230) | 1.41 (1.24‐1.61; 0.000) | 1.27 (1.12‐1.46; 0.000) |
| Smoking status n (%) | ||||
| Never | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) | 1 (−) |
| Smoker | 2.03 (1.77‐2.32; 0.000) | 1.96 (1.71‐2.24; 0.000) | 1.65 (1.41‐1.91; 0.000) | 1.60 (1.37‐1.86; 0.000) |
| Ex‐smoker | 1.23 (1.08‐1.41; 0.002) | 1.32 (1.15‐1.51; 0.000) | 1.32 (1.15‐1.53; 0.000) | 1.37 (1.18‐1.58; 0.000) |
| Missing | 0.57 (0.48‐0.66; 0.000) | 0.61 (0.52‐0.72; 0.000) | 0.70 (0.60‐0.82; 0.000) | 0.78 (0.67‐0.92; 0.003) |
| Corticosteroid use | ||||
| No | 1 (−) | 1(−) | 1(−) | 1(−) |
| Yes | 0.89 (0.59‐1.32; 0.564) | 1.14 (0.76‐1.72; 0.525) | 0.63 (0.44‐0.91; 0.013) | 0.84 (0.58‐1.22; 0.367) |
*All covariates in the table were included within the adjusted analysis. Abbreviations: *ADM, antidepressant medication; *OR, odds ratio; *CI, confidence interval; *IBD, inflammatory bowel disease;*CD, Crohn’s disease *UC, ulcerative colitis; *IMD ‐ Index of Multiple Deprivation; IMD 1 represents the least deprived and IMD 5 the most deprived. IMD ‐ Data are available only for individual’s resident in England * Depression (depression diagnostic and/or depressive symptom code) * Anxiety (anxiety diagnostic and/or anxiety symptom code).
Bold values indicate statistical significance.