Table 2.
DKA (n = 589,734) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | PUD a (n = 121,529) | No PUD (n = 468,205) | p‐value |
Age (mean [95% confidence interval]) (years) | 45.18 (44.96–45.39) | 40.38 (40.26–40.51) | <0.001 |
Female gender (n [%]) | 63,704 (52.43) | 225,774 (48.23) | <0.001 |
Race (n [%]) | <0.001 | ||
White | 74,674 (63.04) | 250,864 (55.14) | <0.001 |
Black | 28,995 (24.48) | 124,280 (27.32) | <0.001 |
Hispanic | 10,734 (9.06) | 58,044 (12.76) | <0.001 |
Asians | 939 (0.79) | 5499 (1.21) | 0.05 |
Native Americans | 1074 (0.91) | 4754 (1.05) | 0.69 |
Others | 2034 (1.72) | 11,499 (2.53) | <0.001 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index (n [%]) | <0.001 | ||
0 | 80 (0.07) | 445 (0.09) | 0.17 |
1 | 39,294 (32.33) | 263,949 (56.37) | <0.001 |
2 | 37,334 (30.72) | 108,639 (23.2) | <0.001 |
≥3 | 44,819 (36.88) | 95,169 (20.33) | <0.001 |
Admission day is weekend (n [%]) | 32,999 (27.15) | 123,999 (26.48) | 0.04 |
Median household income b (quartile) (n [%]) | 0.001 | ||
First (0–25th) | 46,924 (39.27) | 178,599 (38.93) | 0.24 |
Second (26th to 50th) | 33,864 (28.34) | 125,219 (27.29) | 0.001 |
Third (51st to 75th) | 25,074 (20.98) | 95,624 (20.84) | 0.51 |
Fourth (76th to 100th) | 13,635 (11.41) | 59,369 (12.94) | <0.001 |
Insurance status (n [%]) | <0.001 | ||
Medicare | 38,285 (31.55) | 97,514 (20.87) | <0.001 |
Medicaid | 40,080 (33.03) | 158,469 (33.91) | 0.02 |
Private | 27,805 (22.92) | 130,594 (27.95) | <0.001 |
Uninsured | 10,775 (8.88) | 61,889 (13.24) | <0.001 |
Hospital region (n [%]) | <0.001 | ||
Northeast | 17,930 (14.75) | 67,310 (14.38) | 0.25 |
Midwest | 30,375 (24.99) | 98,325 (21.00) | <0.001 |
South | 52,665 (43.34) | 208,040 (44.43) | 0.02 |
West | 20,559 (16.92) | 94,530 (20.19) | <0.001 |
Hospital bed size (n [%]) | 0.06 | ||
Small | 26,569 (21.86) | 104,650 (22.35) | 0.18 |
Medium | 36,475 (30.01) | 143,230 (30.59) | 0.17 |
Large | 58,485 (48.12) | 220,325 (47.06) | 0.02 |
Hospital teaching status (n [%]) | 0.07 | ||
Rural | 15,169 (12.48) | 57,195 (12.22) | 0.34 |
Urban nonteaching | 29,535 (24.3) | 117,740 (25.15) | 0.03 |
Urban teaching | 76,825 (63.21) | 293,270 (62.64) | 0.18 |
Abbreviations: DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; PUD, peptic ulcer disease.
Includes other upper gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory conditions requiring anti‐acid therapy with either proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers, for example, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), esophagitis, upper GI angiodysplastic condition, increased gastrin secretion, and so on.
Median household income for the patient's ZIP code.