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. 2022 Mar 7;292(1):136–145. doi: 10.1111/joim.13466

Table 2.

Patient and hospital characteristics

DKA (n = 589,734)
Baseline characteristics PUD a (n = 121,529) No PUD (n = 468,205) p‐value
Age (mean [95% confidence interval]) (years) 45.18 (44.96–45.39) 40.38 (40.26–40.51) <0.001
Female gender (n [%]) 63,704 (52.43) 225,774 (48.23) <0.001
Race (n [%]) <0.001
White 74,674 (63.04) 250,864 (55.14) <0.001
Black 28,995 (24.48) 124,280 (27.32) <0.001
Hispanic 10,734 (9.06) 58,044 (12.76) <0.001
Asians 939 (0.79) 5499 (1.21) 0.05
Native Americans 1074 (0.91) 4754 (1.05) 0.69
Others 2034 (1.72) 11,499 (2.53) <0.001
Charlson Comorbidity Index (n [%]) <0.001
0 80 (0.07) 445 (0.09) 0.17
1 39,294 (32.33) 263,949 (56.37) <0.001
2 37,334 (30.72) 108,639 (23.2) <0.001
≥3 44,819 (36.88) 95,169 (20.33) <0.001
Admission day is weekend (n [%]) 32,999 (27.15) 123,999 (26.48) 0.04
Median household income b (quartile) (n [%]) 0.001
First (0–25th) 46,924 (39.27) 178,599 (38.93) 0.24
Second (26th to 50th) 33,864 (28.34) 125,219 (27.29) 0.001
Third (51st to 75th) 25,074 (20.98) 95,624 (20.84) 0.51
Fourth (76th to 100th) 13,635 (11.41) 59,369 (12.94) <0.001
Insurance status (n [%]) <0.001
Medicare 38,285 (31.55) 97,514 (20.87) <0.001
Medicaid 40,080 (33.03) 158,469 (33.91) 0.02
Private 27,805 (22.92) 130,594 (27.95) <0.001
Uninsured 10,775 (8.88) 61,889 (13.24) <0.001
Hospital region (n [%]) <0.001
Northeast 17,930 (14.75) 67,310 (14.38) 0.25
Midwest 30,375 (24.99) 98,325 (21.00) <0.001
South 52,665 (43.34) 208,040 (44.43) 0.02
West 20,559 (16.92) 94,530 (20.19) <0.001
Hospital bed size (n [%]) 0.06
Small 26,569 (21.86) 104,650 (22.35) 0.18
Medium 36,475 (30.01) 143,230 (30.59) 0.17
Large 58,485 (48.12) 220,325 (47.06) 0.02
Hospital teaching status (n [%]) 0.07
Rural 15,169 (12.48) 57,195 (12.22) 0.34
Urban nonteaching 29,535 (24.3) 117,740 (25.15) 0.03
Urban teaching 76,825 (63.21) 293,270 (62.64) 0.18

Abbreviations: DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; PUD, peptic ulcer disease.

a

Includes other upper gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory conditions requiring anti‐acid therapy with either proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers, for example, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), esophagitis, upper GI angiodysplastic condition, increased gastrin secretion, and so on.

b

Median household income for the patient's ZIP code.