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. 2022 Mar 15;10(4):808–817. doi: 10.1111/andr.13171

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© 2022 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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(A) Semi‐quantification results of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression levels in FluoroGold‐labeled cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The percentage of FluoroGold + TH‐positive cells/total cells was calculated. Expression levels are presented as fold‐changes relative to those of the control group for central infused of FluoroGold for immunofluorescence analysis (Con‐IFG). Whiskers: maximum and minimum. ^* p < 0.05; ^** p < 0.005 different from the Con‐IFG group. (B) Schematic representation of the rat brain showing the position of the VTA (indicated by an arrow)