Table 3.

Candidate gene studies in AUD that focused on associations with polymorphisms in oxidative stress-related pathways.

Genes and Genetic Variations Studied	Number of Subjects	Ethnicity	Genotyping Method	Outcomes	Reference
CAT rs1001179	201 patients and 97 controls	Slovenian	TaqMan	Association between rs1001179 and AD and AUDIT scores	[89]
CAT rs1001179	85	African American	TaqMan	No association	[28]
GSTP1 rs1695	39 patients and 43 controls	Central Brazilians	Allele-specific PCR and sequencing	Association between rs1695 and AUD	[21]
GSTM1 (*1, *2), GSTT1 (*1, *2)	200 patients and 400 controls	North Italian	PCR-RFLP	Association between the GSTM1 null genotype and ethanol intake	[90]
ADH1B (*1, *2), ALDH2 (*1, *2), GSTM1 (*1, *2), GSTT1 (*1, *2),	121 patients and 145 controls	Central Indians	PCR-RFLP	Association between ALDH*2/*2 and the GSTT1 null genotype with alcohol consumption	[11]
ADH2 (*1, *2, *3), ADH3 (*1, *2), ALDH2 (*1, *2)	80 AD patients and 144 controls	Han Chinese	PCR-RFLP	Protective role of ALDH*2/*2 against AD	[107]
ADH1B rs122994, ALDH2 rs671	34 AD patients and 121 controls	Japanese	PCR-RFLP	Associations between ADH1B rs122994, ALDH2 rs671, and AD	[58]
9 polymorphisms in ALDH2 and 41 in ADH	4597	Northern European	Sequenom mass array	Association between ADH1B rs1042026 and alcohol intake; an association of ADH1C rs1693482 and ADH5 rs1230165 with alcohol consumption	[91]
ADH1B (*1, *2)	152	Jewish American	Enzymatic amplification followed by hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotides	Association between ADH1B*2 and lower rates of alcohol consumption and more unpleasant reactions	[95]
ADH1A rs2276332, ADH1B rs1229984 and rs4147536, ADH1C rs11499823, rs4147541, and rs1693431, ALDH2 rs671, rs4646778, rs886205, rs4646775	5451	Japanese	TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays	Significant association between ADH1B rs1229984 and ALDH2 rs671 with drinking behavior	[93]
ADH2 (*1, *2, *3), ADH3 (*1, *2), ALDH2 (*1, *2)	340	Mission Indian	Allele-specific PCR	Association of ADH2*1 with AD and ADH2*3 with AD and a lower number of maximum drinks	[99]
ALDH1A1*2 and ALDH1A1*3	137 AD patients and 108 controls	Trinidadian and Toboggan (either Africans or Indians)	Sequencing	Association of ALDH1A1*2 with a lifetime diagnosis of AD and high levels of alcohol consumption	[104]
175 SNPs in 17 alcohol-metabolizing genes	1588	European American	NA	Strong association between ADH1B rs1229984 and the DSM-IV symptom count and the maximum number of drinks	[94]
ADH2 (*1, *2), ADH3 (*1, *2), ALDH2 (*1, *2)	34 AD patients and 92 controls	New Zealand (White, Asian, and Polynesian (New Zealand Maori and others))	A newly developed DNA sequencing assay	Protective role of ADH2*2 allele against AUD	[100]
110 SNPs in ADH7, ADH1C, ADH1B, ADH1A, ADH6, ADH4, ADH5	NA	European American and African American	Sequenom mass array system	Significant associations between ADH4 rs1984362, rs4699718, rs3762894, rs4148886, rs4699714, rs7694646, rs1126672, DWSHpy188I, rs1042364, rs1042365, rs2602866, and rs2602846 and AUD	[101]
103 SNPs in the ADH gene region	812	Northern and Southern European	Sequenom mass array system	Associations between ADH1B rs2018417, rs1229985, rs17033, and rs1789877; ADH1A rs931635, rs1229967, rs1618572, rs1230025, and rs2276332; rs3857224, and rs3762894 in the ADH6–ADH4 intergenic region and ADH4 rs1800759 with early and late stages of alcohol metabolism	[97]
ALDH2 (*1, *2)	68 AUD patients and 232 controls	Korean	PCR-RFLP	Association between ALDH2*1 and AUD	[105]
ADH1B rs1159918, ADH1C rs1614972, ADH4 rs1042364, ALDH2 rs2238151	99 AUD patients and 100 controls	Central-West Brazilians	TaqMan assay	Statistically significant association between ADH4 rs1042364, ALDH2 rs2238151, and AUD	[102]
ADH2 (*1, *2), ALDH2 (*1, *2)	153 AUD patients and 153 controls	Japanese	PCR-RFLP	Association between ALDH2*1/*1 and ADH2*1/*1 with AUD	[98]
ALDH1A1 rs348479, rs348472, rs610529, rs2288087, rs13959, rs348449, rs595958, rs918836	104 alcoholics and 201 controls	Finnish	TaqMan	Association between ALDH1A1 rs348479 and rs610529 with AD	[103]
~750,000 genomic variants	71 heavy drinkers and 126 controls	Taiwanese	High-density SNP arrays	Strong association between ALDH2 rs671 and drinking behavior	[106]
ADH1B rs1229984	5632	European and African American	KASPar assays or Sequenom	Protective effect of ADH1B rs1229984 against AD	[92]
43 SNPs	808 AD patients and 1248 controls	European	Illumina 660 genome-wide SNP array, Illumina BeadXpress platform using a VeraCode SNP panel	Association between ADH1C rs1614972 and AD	[96]

Not available (NA); alcohol dependence (AD); alcohol use disorder (AUD).